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结合所学知识和原理分析材料并回答问题。 运用所学知识分析下列命题：
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Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbeliefwemaynotlikeitbutthere’slittlewecandoaboutit. Despiteitspopularitythisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomethingthereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEuropetheacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeoplewhoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandardsshowedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStatesthereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods. Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannaturebutaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystemmaterialism"spilledover"forthefirsttimebeyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworldwherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues. IntheUnitedStatestheturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthe"psychologyofshortage"gavewaytothe"psychologyofabundance".Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuyingwecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent. ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandreamorwhatwasthencalled"theAmericanstandardofliving"capturedthenation’simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephonesvirtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurancetwo-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacationsandoverhalfhadmotorcars. ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasierasautomobilesradioselectricrefrigeratorswashingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s60percentofcarsradiosandfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfactionexpandingexpectationsandultimatelymaterialism. Wecanlearnfromthefirst2paragraphsthat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsDifficultiesininterculturalcommunicationarisewhenthereislittleornoawarenessofdivergentculturalvaluesandbeliefs.46Incross-culturalinteractionspeakerssometimesassumethatwhattheybelieveisrightbecausetheyhavegrownupthinkingtheirwayisthebest.Thisethnocentricassumptioncanresultinnegativejudgmentsaboutothercultures.Anothermanifestationofethnocentricattitudesisthatpeoplebecomecriticalofindividualsfromdifferentcultures.47Sometimesnegativereactionsdonotresultfromactualinteractionbutratherfromthefixedpreconceivedbeliefswehaveaboutotherpeople.Theseovergeneralizedbeliefsor"stereotypesfrequentlyshapepeople’sperceptionsofeachother.Stereotypesoriginateanddevelopfromnumeroussourcessuchasjokestextbooksmoviesandtelevision.MoviesaboutcowboysandIndiansportraycowboysas"civilized"andIndiansaswildand"primitive".AchildwhoknowsabouttheAmericanIndianonlythroughwatchingthesemovieswillhaveadistortedandfalseimageofthisgroupofpeople.48Stereotypesperpetuateinaccuraciesaboutreligionsracialandculturalgroups.49Stereotypedbeliefspreventusfromseeingpeopleasindividualswithuniquecharacteristics.Negativestereotypesleadtoprejudice:suspicionintoleranceorhatredofotherculturalgroups.Culturalconflictsoccurasaresultofmisinterpretationsethnocentrismstereotypesandprejudice.Preventingtheseconflictsispossiblewithincreasedawarenessofourownattitudesaswellassensitivitytocross-culturaldifferences.50Developinginterculturalsensitivitydoesnotmeanthatweneedtoloseourculturalidentities--butratherthatwerecognizeculturalinfluenceswithinourselvesandwithinothers. Incross-culturalinteractionspeakerssometimesassumethatwhattheybelieveisrightbecausetheyhavegrownupthinkingtheirwayisthebest
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface. WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxy OneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears. AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny."Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritory"oneexpertexplains."Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions."Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—"decadesifnotcenturies"hebelieves. AccordingtotheexperttheexplorationoftheMarsbyrobots
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspaceweightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimatelythewholebodyfrombonestobrainkidneystobowelsreacts. Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforththeysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings. Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynoticebutourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornotwehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilentautomaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit. Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerearfromourmusclesandjointsandfromoursensesoftouchandpressure. Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circularfluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleoftheheadandtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluidwhichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemusclesjointsandskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts. Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweightsomusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusionssuchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaid"WhenthemainenginescutoffIimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees."Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace. WhetherwerealizeitornotLine2Para.3itrefers
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 44
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 42
TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempireremovingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.EightmonthslaterthisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazonhavingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver. AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePopeincludingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrivalwarningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccessionandsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversincefortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhichifverifiedwouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhiddenthinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence. Beginninginthelateseventeenth-centurythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreservea"window"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans. PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950’sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. Fromthemissionary’smanuscriptwemayinferthat
TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempireremovingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.EightmonthslaterthisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazonhavingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver. AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePopeincludingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrivalwarningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccessionandsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversincefortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhichifverifiedwouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhiddenthinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence. Beginninginthelateseventeenth-centurythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreservea"window"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans. PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950’sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. ThismistakenideaLine10Para.4refersto
Text4Learningsciencehelpschildrentodevelopwaysofunderstandingtheworldaroundthem.Forthistheyhavetobuildupconceptswhichhelpthemlinktheirexperiencestogether;theymustlearnwaysofgainingandorganizinginformationandofapplyingandtestingideas.Thiscontributesnotonlytochildren’sabilitytomakebettersenseofthingsaroundthembutpreparesthemtodealmoreeffectivelywithwiderdecision-makingandproblem-solvingintheirlives.Scienceisasbasicapartofeducationasnumeracyandliteracy;itdailybecomesmoreimportantasthecomplexityoftechnologyincreasesandtoucheseverypartofourlives.Learningsciencecanbringadoublebenefitbecausescienceisbothamethodandasetofideas;bothaprocessandaproduct.Theprocessofscienceprovideawayoffindingoutinformationtestingideasandseekingexplanations.Theproductsofscienceareideaswhichcanbeappliedinhelpingtounderstandnewexperiences.Theword"can"isusedadvisedlyhere;itindicatesthatthereisthepotentialtobringthesebenefitsbutnoguaranteethattheywillberealizedwithouttakingtheappropriatesteps.Inlearningsciencethedevelopmentoftheprocesssideandtheproductsidemustgohandinhand;theyaretotallyinterdependent.Thishasimportantimplicationsforthekindsofactivitieschildrenneedtoencounterintheireducation.Butbeforepursuingtheseimplicationstherearestilltwofurtherimportantpointswhichunderlinethevalueofincludingscienceinprimaryeducation.Thefirstisthatwhetherweteachchildrenscienceornottheywillbedevelopingideasabouttheworldaroundfromtheirearliestyears.Iftheseideasarebasedoncasualobservationnon-investigatedeventsandtheacceptanceofhearsaythentheyarelikelytobenon-scientific"everyday"ideas.Thereareplentyofsuchideasaroundforchildrentopickup.Mymotherbelievedandperhapsstilldoesdespitemyeffortsthatifthesunshinesthroughthewindowontothefireitputsthefireoutthatcheesemaggotsacommonencounterinheryouthwhenfoodwassoldunwrappedaremadeofcheeseanddevelopspontaneouslyfromitthatplacingalidonapanofboilingwatermakesitboilatalowertemperaturethatelectricitytravelsmoreeasilyifthewiresarenottwisted.Similarmythsstillaboundandnodoubtinfluencechildren’sattemptstomakesenseoftheirexperience.Aswellashearsaylefttothemselveschildrenwillalsoformsomeideaswhichseemunscientific;forexamplethattomakesomethingmoverequiresaforcebuttostopitneedsnoforce.Alltheseideascouldeasilybeputtothetest;children’sscienceeducationshouldmakechildrenwanttodoit.Thentheynotonlyhavethechancetomodifytheirideasbuttheylearntobeskepticalaboutso-called"truthsuntilthesehavebeenputtothetest.Eventuallytheywillrealizethatallideasareworkinghypotheseswhichcanneverbeprovedrightbutareusefulaslongastheyfittheevidenceofexperienceandexperiment.Theimportanceofbeginningthislearningearlyinchildren’seducationistwofold.Ontheonehandthechildrenbegintorealizethatusefulideasmustfittheevidence;ontheotherhandtheyarelesslikelytoformandtoaccepteverydayideaswhichcanbeshowntobeindirectconflictwithevidenceandscientificconcepts.Thereareresearchfindingstoshowthatthelongerthenon-scientificideashavebeenheldthemoredifficulttheyaretochange.Manychildrencometosecondarysciencenotmerelylackingthescientificideastheyneedbutpossessingalternativeideaswhichareabarriertounderstandingtheirsciencelessons.Thesecondpointaboutstartingtolearnscienceandtolearnscientificallyattheprimarylevelisconnectedwithattitudestothesubject.Thereisevidencethatattitudestoscienceseemtobeformedearlierthantomostothersubjectsandchildrentendtohavetakenadefinitepositionwithregardtotheirlikingofthesubjectbytheageof11to12.Giventheremarksjustmadeabouttheclashbetweenthenon-scientificideasthatmanychildrenbringtotheirsecondarysciencelessonsandthescientificideastheyareassumedtohaveitisnotsurprisingthatmanyfindscienceconfusinganddifficult.Suchreactionsundoubtedlyaffecttheirlaterperformanceinscience.Althoughthereisalessonhereforsecondaryscienceitisclearthatprimarysciencecandomuchtoavoidthiscrisisattheprimary/secondaryinterface. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbeliefwemaynotlikeitbutthere’slittlewecandoaboutit. Despiteitspopularitythisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomethingthereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEuropetheacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeoplewhoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandardsshowedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStatesthereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods. Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannaturebutaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystemmaterialism"spilledover"forthefirsttimebeyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworldwherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues. IntheUnitedStatestheturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthe"psychologyofshortage"gavewaytothe"psychologyofabundance".Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuyingwecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent. ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandreamorwhatwasthencalled"theAmericanstandardofliving"capturedthenation’simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephonesvirtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurancetwo-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacationsandoverhalfhadmotorcars. ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasierasautomobilesradioselectricrefrigeratorswashingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s60percentofcarsradiosandfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfactionexpandingexpectationsandultimatelymaterialism. Accordingtothepassagethepracticeofinstallment
Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspaceweightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimatelythewholebodyfrombonestobrainkidneystobowelsreacts. Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforththeysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings. Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynoticebutourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornotwehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilentautomaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit. Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerearfromourmusclesandjointsandfromoursensesoftouchandpressure. Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circularfluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleoftheheadandtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluidwhichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemusclesjointsandskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts. Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweightsomusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusionssuchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaid"WhenthemainenginescutoffIimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees."Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace. Thefunctionofapparatusoftheinnerearis
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface. WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxy OneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears. AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny."Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritory"oneexpertexplains."Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions."Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—"decadesifnotcenturies"hebelieves. Whichofthefollowingmaybethereasonforhumanity’sexploring
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsDifficultiesininterculturalcommunicationarisewhenthereislittleornoawarenessofdivergentculturalvaluesandbeliefs.46Incross-culturalinteractionspeakerssometimesassumethatwhattheybelieveisrightbecausetheyhavegrownupthinkingtheirwayisthebest.Thisethnocentricassumptioncanresultinnegativejudgmentsaboutothercultures.Anothermanifestationofethnocentricattitudesisthatpeoplebecomecriticalofindividualsfromdifferentcultures.47Sometimesnegativereactionsdonotresultfromactualinteractionbutratherfromthefixedpreconceivedbeliefswehaveaboutotherpeople.Theseovergeneralizedbeliefsor"stereotypesfrequentlyshapepeople’sperceptionsofeachother.Stereotypesoriginateanddevelopfromnumeroussourcessuchasjokestextbooksmoviesandtelevision.MoviesaboutcowboysandIndiansportraycowboysas"civilized"andIndiansaswildand"primitive".AchildwhoknowsabouttheAmericanIndianonlythroughwatchingthesemovieswillhaveadistortedandfalseimageofthisgroupofpeople.48Stereotypesperpetuateinaccuraciesaboutreligionsracialandculturalgroups.49Stereotypedbeliefspreventusfromseeingpeopleasindividualswithuniquecharacteristics.Negativestereotypesleadtoprejudice:suspicionintoleranceorhatredofotherculturalgroups.Culturalconflictsoccurasaresultofmisinterpretationsethnocentrismstereotypesandprejudice.Preventingtheseconflictsispossiblewithincreasedawarenessofourownattitudesaswellassensitivitytocross-culturaldifferences.50Developinginterculturalsensitivitydoesnotmeanthatweneedtoloseourculturalidentities--butratherthatwerecognizeculturalinfluenceswithinourselvesandwithinothers. Stereotypesperpetuateinaccuraciesaboutreligionsracialandculturalgroups.
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface. WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxy OneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears. AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny."Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritory"oneexpertexplains."Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions."Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—"decadesifnotcenturies"hebelieves. AccordingtothepassagesendingpeopletoMarsis
Text4Learningsciencehelpschildrentodevelopwaysofunderstandingtheworldaroundthem.Forthistheyhavetobuildupconceptswhichhelpthemlinktheirexperiencestogether;theymustlearnwaysofgainingandorganizinginformationandofapplyingandtestingideas.Thiscontributesnotonlytochildren’sabilitytomakebettersenseofthingsaroundthembutpreparesthemtodealmoreeffectivelywithwiderdecision-makingandproblem-solvingintheirlives.Scienceisasbasicapartofeducationasnumeracyandliteracy;itdailybecomesmoreimportantasthecomplexityoftechnologyincreasesandtoucheseverypartofourlives.Learningsciencecanbringadoublebenefitbecausescienceisbothamethodandasetofideas;bothaprocessandaproduct.Theprocessofscienceprovideawayoffindingoutinformationtestingideasandseekingexplanations.Theproductsofscienceareideaswhichcanbeappliedinhelpingtounderstandnewexperiences.Theword"can"isusedadvisedlyhere;itindicatesthatthereisthepotentialtobringthesebenefitsbutnoguaranteethattheywillberealizedwithouttakingtheappropriatesteps.Inlearningsciencethedevelopmentoftheprocesssideandtheproductsidemustgohandinhand;theyaretotallyinterdependent.Thishasimportantimplicationsforthekindsofactivitieschildrenneedtoencounterintheireducation.Butbeforepursuingtheseimplicationstherearestilltwofurtherimportantpointswhichunderlinethevalueofincludingscienceinprimaryeducation.Thefirstisthatwhetherweteachchildrenscienceornottheywillbedevelopingideasabouttheworldaroundfromtheirearliestyears.Iftheseideasarebasedoncasualobservationnon-investigatedeventsandtheacceptanceofhearsaythentheyarelikelytobenon-scientific"everyday"ideas.Thereareplentyofsuchideasaroundforchildrentopickup.Mymotherbelievedandperhapsstilldoesdespitemyeffortsthatifthesunshinesthroughthewindowontothefireitputsthefireoutthatcheesemaggotsacommonencounterinheryouthwhenfoodwassoldunwrappedaremadeofcheeseanddevelopspontaneouslyfromitthatplacingalidonapanofboilingwatermakesitboilatalowertemperaturethatelectricitytravelsmoreeasilyifthewiresarenottwisted.Similarmythsstillaboundandnodoubtinfluencechildren’sattemptstomakesenseoftheirexperience.Aswellashearsaylefttothemselveschildrenwillalsoformsomeideaswhichseemunscientific;forexamplethattomakesomethingmoverequiresaforcebuttostopitneedsnoforce.Alltheseideascouldeasilybeputtothetest;children’sscienceeducationshouldmakechildrenwanttodoit.Thentheynotonlyhavethechancetomodifytheirideasbuttheylearntobeskepticalaboutso-called"truthsuntilthesehavebeenputtothetest.Eventuallytheywillrealizethatallideasareworkinghypotheseswhichcanneverbeprovedrightbutareusefulaslongastheyfittheevidenceofexperienceandexperiment.Theimportanceofbeginningthislearningearlyinchildren’seducationistwofold.Ontheonehandthechildrenbegintorealizethatusefulideasmustfittheevidence;ontheotherhandtheyarelesslikelytoformandtoaccepteverydayideaswhichcanbeshowntobeindirectconflictwithevidenceandscientificconcepts.Thereareresearchfindingstoshowthatthelongerthenon-scientificideashavebeenheldthemoredifficulttheyaretochange.Manychildrencometosecondarysciencenotmerelylackingthescientificideastheyneedbutpossessingalternativeideaswhichareabarriertounderstandingtheirsciencelessons.Thesecondpointaboutstartingtolearnscienceandtolearnscientificallyattheprimarylevelisconnectedwithattitudestothesubject.Thereisevidencethatattitudestoscienceseemtobeformedearlierthantomostothersubjectsandchildrentendtohavetakenadefinitepositionwithregardtotheirlikingofthesubjectbytheageof11to12.Giventheremarksjustmadeabouttheclashbetweenthenon-scientificideasthatmanychildrenbringtotheirsecondarysciencelessonsandthescientificideastheyareassumedtohaveitisnotsurprisingthatmanyfindscienceconfusinganddifficult.Suchreactionsundoubtedlyaffecttheirlaterperformanceinscience.Althoughthereisalessonhereforsecondaryscienceitisclearthatprimarysciencecandomuchtoavoidthiscrisisattheprimary/secondaryinterface. Thewriter'smainpurposeofwritingparagraph4is
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbeliefwemaynotlikeitbutthere’slittlewecandoaboutit. Despiteitspopularitythisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomethingthereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEuropetheacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeoplewhoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandardsshowedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStatesthereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods. Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannaturebutaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystemmaterialism"spilledover"forthefirsttimebeyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworldwherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues. IntheUnitedStatestheturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthe"psychologyofshortage"gavewaytothe"psychologyofabundance".Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuyingwecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent. ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandreamorwhatwasthencalled"theAmericanstandardofliving"capturedthenation’simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephonesvirtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurancetwo-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacationsandoverhalfhadmotorcars. ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasierasautomobilesradioselectricrefrigeratorswashingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s60percentofcarsradiosandfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfactionexpandingexpectationsandultimatelymaterialism. Thedevelopmentofmodernmaterialismwaspromotedby
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.I0pointsInFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyareofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41.___________________________.AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"palsor"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends.FortheFrenchfriendshipisone-to-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42.___________________________.Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified.AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.43.___________________________.Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother.Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacaf6.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44.___________________________.InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemost--onthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife.45.___________________________.A. Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. B.BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. C.Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". D.Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. E.Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. F.AFrenchmanexplains"ifIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless". G.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife. 42
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.I0pointsInFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyareofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41.___________________________.AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"palsor"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends.FortheFrenchfriendshipisone-to-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42.___________________________.Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified.AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.43.___________________________.Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother.Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacaf6.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44.___________________________.InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemost--onthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife.45.___________________________.A. Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. B.BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. C.Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". D.Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. E.Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. F.AFrenchmanexplains"ifIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless". G.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife. 44
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsDifficultiesininterculturalcommunicationarisewhenthereislittleornoawarenessofdivergentculturalvaluesandbeliefs.46Incross-culturalinteractionspeakerssometimesassumethatwhattheybelieveisrightbecausetheyhavegrownupthinkingtheirwayisthebest.Thisethnocentricassumptioncanresultinnegativejudgmentsaboutothercultures.Anothermanifestationofethnocentricattitudesisthatpeoplebecomecriticalofindividualsfromdifferentcultures.47Sometimesnegativereactionsdonotresultfromactualinteractionbutratherfromthefixedpreconceivedbeliefswehaveaboutotherpeople.Theseovergeneralizedbeliefsor"stereotypesfrequentlyshapepeople’sperceptionsofeachother.Stereotypesoriginateanddevelopfromnumeroussourcessuchasjokestextbooksmoviesandtelevision.MoviesaboutcowboysandIndiansportraycowboysas"civilized"andIndiansaswildand"primitive".AchildwhoknowsabouttheAmericanIndianonlythroughwatchingthesemovieswillhaveadistortedandfalseimageofthisgroupofpeople.48Stereotypesperpetuateinaccuraciesaboutreligionsracialandculturalgroups.49Stereotypedbeliefspreventusfromseeingpeopleasindividualswithuniquecharacteristics.Negativestereotypesleadtoprejudice:suspicionintoleranceorhatredofotherculturalgroups.Culturalconflictsoccurasaresultofmisinterpretationsethnocentrismstereotypesandprejudice.Preventingtheseconflictsispossiblewithincreasedawarenessofourownattitudesaswellassensitivitytocross-culturaldifferences.50Developinginterculturalsensitivitydoesnotmeanthatweneedtoloseourculturalidentities--butratherthatwerecognizeculturalinfluenceswithinourselvesandwithinothers. Developinginterculturalsensitivitydoesnotmeanthatweneedtoloseourculturalidentities--butratherthatwerecognizeculturalinfluenceswithinourselvesandwithinothers.
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