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设f(x)在|x|＜1上有定义，在x=0某邻域有一阶连续的导数且． 求证：(Ⅰ) (Ⅱ)
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设fxgx在点x=0的某邻域内连续且fx具有一阶连续导数满足．______
x=0是函数f(x)的极小值点．
x=0是函数f(x)的极大值点．
(0，f(0))是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．
x=0不是函数f(x)的极值点，(0，f(0))也不是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．
设fx在0+∞内一阶连续可微且对[*]满足[*]xfx+x3又f1=0求fx．
设fx在0+∞内一阶连续可微且对满足xfx+x3又f1=0求fx．
设fxgx在点x=0的某邻域内连续且fx具有一阶连续导数满足则
x=0是函数f(x)的极小值点．
x=0是函数f(x)的极大值点．
(0，f(0))是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．
x=0不是函数f(x)的极值点，(0，f(0))也不是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．
设fx二阶连续可导且f0=0f’0=1求uxy使du=y[fx+3e2x]dx+f’xdy．
设fx在[0a]上一阶连续可导f0=0在0a内二阶可导且fx＞0．证明[*]
设fx在x=0的邻域内有一阶连续导数且f0≠00≠0当h→0时若afh+bf2h-f0是比h高阶的无
a=-1，b=2
a=1，b=-2
a=-2，b=1
a=2，b=-1
设fx在x=0的某邻域中有一阶连续导数且f0≠0f’0≠0当h→0时afh+bf2h-f0是比h高阶
设fx在[0a]上有一阶连续导数证明至少存在一点ξ∈[0a]使得
设偶函数fx在x=0的邻域内二阶连续可导且f0=1f0=4．证明绝对收敛．
设fx在[01]上二阶连续可导且f’0=f’1．证明存在ξ∈01使得
设fxgx在x0的某邻域内具有二阶连续导数且证明1y=fx及y=gx在点x0相切2y=fx及y=gx
设函数fx在x=0的某邻域内有三阶连续导数且当x→0时fx→f-x是x的3阶无穷小．则
x=0不是f(x)的驻点
x=0是f(x)的驻点，但不一定是拐点
x=0是f(x)的极值点
(0，f(0))是曲线y=f(x)的拐点
设fx在[01]上二阶连续可导且f’0=f’1．证明存在ξ∈01使得[*]
设fxgx在点x=0的某邻域内连续且fx具有一阶连续导数满足时则______．
x=0为f(x)的极小值点
x=0为f(x)的极大值点
(0，f(0))为曲线y=f(x)的拐点
x=0不是f(x)的极值点，(0，f(0))也不是曲线y=f(x)的拐点
设偶函数fx在x=0的邻域内二阶连续可导且f0=1f0=4．证明绝对收敛．
已知fx在x=0处的某邻域内二阶连续可导且 其中n为大于1的正整数则
x=0为f(x)的极大值点
x=0为f(x)的极小值点
(0，f(0))为曲线y=f(x)的拐点
x=0不是f(x)的极值点，(0，f(0))也不是曲线y=f(x)的拐点
设fx在[0a]上一阶连续可导f0=0在0a内二阶可导且fx＞0．证明
设函数fx在x=0的某领域内具有一阶连续导数且fo≠0f'0≠0若afh+bf2h-f0在h→0时是
设fx在x=0邻域有二阶连续导数且满足f’0=1则______.
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Internetdatashowsthatyoungeradultshavebecometheprimaryaudienceobsessedwithtelevisionprogramsaboutalteringpeople’sappearance.OncethedomainofthefemaleinherfiftiesplasticsurgeryhasbecometheobsessionoftheyoungerInternetusers.TherecenttragicdeathofStephanieKulebaan18-year-oldhighschoolcheer-leaderwhodiedasaresultofaplasticsurgerybroughtourattentiontothepursuitofamoreidealbodyamongstteenagers.Infactsearchdataconfirmsthisphenomenon.OneofthemostpopularsitesvisitedfromthesearchtermplasticsurgeryistheofficialsiteoftheAmericanSocietyofPlasticSurgeonswww.plasticsurgery.org.Over25%ofvisitorstothesitefellwithinthe18-to-24-year-old—that’supfrom19.6%twoyearsago.PlasticsurgeryhasbecomeanAmericanobsession.CheckingothermarketssuchastheU.K.andAustraliathe18-to-24-year-oldfascinationwithplasticsurgeryisadefinitelyU.S.phenomenon.Lookingatotherhealthrelatedsitesvisitedby18-to-24-year-oldsrevealsjusthowobsessedthisagegroupiswithappearance.UnliketheoldergroupswhovisitsitesrelatedtodiseasesandkeepinghealthyyoungerInternetusersflocktositesthatdwellonpersonalappearancesuchasthosefocusedonbody-buildingweightlossandskin-care.Anddefinitelyplasticsurgery.Whilesurgery-themedtelevisionmaybedrivingtheinterestofayoungeraudienceonefactorappearstobekeyinmoderatingteensfromalteringtheirbodies:thefailingU.S.economy.Ifwetrackthetrendinsearchesontopicssuchasplasticsurgerytherehasbeenasharpdeclineinallplasticsurgerytopicsoverthelastyear.Itmayverywellberelatedtothenoticeableincomegroupofvisitors—U.S.householdsthatearnlessthan$30000peryear.Infactifwelookatthesearchpatternsaroundpopularsurgeriesoverthelastyearthetermcostappearmostcommonly.Whileolderagegroupscontinuetosearchforinformationonproceduressuchasface-liftsorliposuctionit’stheyoungerInternetuserswhointougheconomictimesarefocusingonimprovingtheirouterbeautythoughatadiscountprice.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph
Mostoftheillusionsthatdefinedthetateglobaleconomicboom—thenotionthatglobalgrowthhadmovedtoanon-stophigherplaneandhousingpricesfromMiamitoMumbaiwouldriseindefinitely—arenowindeedexhausted.Yetoneideastillhasthepowertocaptureimaginationsandmarkets:itisthatcommoditieslikeoilcoppergrainsandgoldarealldestinedtoriseovertime.Lotsofsmartpeoplebelievethatlastyear’sincreaseincommoditiespricesrepresentedapauseinalong-termbullmarket.It’sviewrootedinpowerfulandrealtrendslikethegrowthofIndiathedeclineinglobalreservesfearsoverresourcenationalizationandlong-termlackofinvestmentinenergyandagriculturewhichlimitssupply.Atanypointintimetherearealwaysneweconomicpowersemergingontheglobalsceneyetproductpriceshavecontinuedtofall.The1980sand1990swerearelativelystrongperiodfortheglobaleconomyandIndiawasgrowingatanaveragepaceof7percent.Butpricesformostcommoditiesdidnotfollowoilforexampleneverbrokethroughtheupperlimitof$40abarrel.Thereasonoilpricesdidnotspikehigherissimple:demandforanyproductisprice-elasticwhichmeansthatoncethepricegoestoohighconsumersstopbuyingitormakeheroiceffortstofindasubstitute.Thereisgoodreasontobelievethattheworldjustpassedasimilarturningpoint.Thelastboomintheoilpricescollapsedin1979whentotalspendingonoilexceeded7percentofglobalGDP.LastyearspendingonoilhitasimilarshareofglobalGDPandthepricehassincefallenbymorethantwothirds.Yetmarketsarestillbettingthatthepriceofoilispoisedtospikeagain.Someanalystspredict$90abarrelby2012.It’sworthnotingthatuntilasrecentlyas2005themarketsactedontheexactoppositeassumption.Foryearssportpricesranmuchhigherthanfuturespricesbecausemostinvestorsassumedpriceswouldfollowthehistorictrendline:down.Todayinvestorsaresillreactingtoanysignofhealthintheglobaleconomybypouringmoneybackintocommoditiesproducingtheunstableupwardpriceswingwe’veseeninrecentweeks.Whatisrelationbetweentheeconomyandtheproductprices
设函数y=yx在-∞+∞有二阶导数且y＇≠0x=xy是y=yx的反函数．Ⅰ试将x=xy所满足的微分方程变换为y=yx所满足的微分方程Ⅱ求变换后的微分方程满足初始条件y＇0=2的解Ⅲ请验证对所求的y=yx在-∞+∞存在反函数．
InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesized用合成法合成newmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythewiringofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental.Theterminformationageprobablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageofknowledgeanddistributedintelligenceinwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenome基因组hascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome.DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering.
求曲线x2+3xy+y2+1=0在点M02-1处的切线方程与法线方程．
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 20
设x∈01证明不等式
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It’softenbeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavorofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThornasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate.ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteachanytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible.TheScopesmonkeytrialfamouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawhaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeOrwellArthurMillerandAlienGinsberg.Oppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerethreatenedwithexplosions.AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthathistoryistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupongettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph
已知fx可微且满足方程求fx．
设a＞0证明不等式
设θ满足.
设abp为非零常数求．
InreadingthepagesofAmericanScientistIhavebeenstruckbythestunningprogressbeingmadeinscienceandengineeringnewphenomenadiscoverednewmaterialssynthesized用合成法合成newmethodsdeveloped.46WhatIseebehindmanyoftheseexcitingstoriesisthewidespreadandevenrevolutionaryuseofdistributedintelligencethatismadepossiblebythewiringofthescientificcommunity.Itismorethanatimesaveroracommunicationenhance;itisenablingustothinkinnewwaysanditsimpactonsocietymaybemonumental.Theterminformationageprobablydoesnotdojusticetothepossibilitiesofthisemergingera.47Thisisanageofknowledgeanddistributedintelligenceinwhichknowledgeisavailabletoanyonelocatedanywhereatanytime;andinwhichpowerinformationandcontrolaremovingfromcentralizedsystemstoindividuals.Thiseracallsforanewformofleadershipandvisionfromtheacademicscienceandengineeringcommunity.Weknowfromcountlessexamplesthattheacademicscienceandtheengineeringhaveenabledoursocietytomakethemostofnewtechnologies.Wewouldn’thavetoday’sadvancedcomputergraphicssystemsifmathematicianshadn’tbeenabletosolveproblemsrelatedtosurfacegeometry.48Wewouldn’thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn’tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintosubatomicstructuresandthecosmos.Chemists’effortstosimulatecomplexphenomenaandpredictthepropertiesofmanyelectronsystemshaveinspiredmassivelyparallelarchitecturesforcomputing.Andtheinformationmadeavailablebythesequencingofthehumangenome基因组hascausedustorethinkhowtostoremanipulateandretrievedatamosteffectively.49Itwilltakenewinsightsfromstudiesofhumancognitionlinguisticsneurobiologycomputingandmoretodevelopsystemsthattrulyaugmentourcapacitytolearnandcreate.Thebestmaybeyettocome.DespitebrutallytightconstraintsonfederaldiscretionaryspendingPresidentClintonhassteppedforwardtochampiona3percentincreaseuncorrectedforinflationinthenational1998budget.Thepresident’srequestisonlythefirststepinthecongressionalbudgetprocessahead.50GiventhattheprioritiesofCongresswillalmostcertainlydifferfromthoseofthepresidentitwilltakeanunprecedentedlevelofinputandcommitmentfromtheresearchcommunitytoensuretheinvestmentsinscienceandengineering.
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设u=uxy由方程组u=fxyztgyzt=0hzt=0确定其中fgh有连续偏导数且g＇zh＇t-g＇th＇z≠0求．
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设fx在[02π]上具有一阶连续导数且f＇x≥0证明对于任何正整数n有
Internetdatashowsthatyoungeradultshavebecometheprimaryaudienceobsessedwithtelevisionprogramsaboutalteringpeople’sappearance.OncethedomainofthefemaleinherfiftiesplasticsurgeryhasbecometheobsessionoftheyoungerInternetusers.TherecenttragicdeathofStephanieKulebaan18-year-oldhighschoolcheer-leaderwhodiedasaresultofaplasticsurgerybroughtourattentiontothepursuitofamoreidealbodyamongstteenagers.Infactsearchdataconfirmsthisphenomenon.OneofthemostpopularsitesvisitedfromthesearchtermplasticsurgeryistheofficialsiteoftheAmericanSocietyofPlasticSurgeonswww.plasticsurgery.org.Over25%ofvisitorstothesitefellwithinthe18-to-24-year-old—that’supfrom19.6%twoyearsago.PlasticsurgeryhasbecomeanAmericanobsession.CheckingothermarketssuchastheU.K.andAustraliathe18-to-24-year-oldfascinationwithplasticsurgeryisadefinitelyU.S.phenomenon.Lookingatotherhealthrelatedsitesvisitedby18-to-24-year-oldsrevealsjusthowobsessedthisagegroupiswithappearance.UnliketheoldergroupswhovisitsitesrelatedtodiseasesandkeepinghealthyyoungerInternetusersflocktositesthatdwellonpersonalappearancesuchasthosefocusedonbody-buildingweightlossandskin-care.Anddefinitelyplasticsurgery.Whilesurgery-themedtelevisionmaybedrivingtheinterestofayoungeraudienceonefactorappearstobekeyinmoderatingteensfromalteringtheirbodies:thefailingU.S.economy.Ifwetrackthetrendinsearchesontopicssuchasplasticsurgerytherehasbeenasharpdeclineinallplasticsurgerytopicsoverthelastyear.Itmayverywellberelatedtothenoticeableincomegroupofvisitors—U.S.householdsthatearnlessthan$30000peryear.Infactifwelookatthesearchpatternsaroundpopularsurgeriesoverthelastyearthetermcostappearmostcommonly.Whileolderagegroupscontinuetosearchforinformationonproceduressuchasface-liftsorliposuctionit’stheyoungerInternetuserswhointougheconomictimesarefocusingonimprovingtheirouterbeautythoughatadiscountprice.Whydoestheauthormentionthedeathofthe18-year-oldcheerleader
某商品的需求函数为Ⅰ求需求Q对价格p的弹性η1和总收益R对价格的弹性12Ⅱ讨论价格p1=2p2=4时当价格上涨1%时需求Q及总收益R是增加还是减少增加或减少的幅度是多少
It’softenbeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavorofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThornasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate.ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteachanytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible.TheScopesmonkeytrialfamouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawhaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeOrwellArthurMillerandAlienGinsberg.Oppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerethreatenedwithexplosions.AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthathistoryistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupongettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo.ThewordskirmishLine1Para.2mostprobablymeans______.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichshould: 1Describethepicturebriefly. 2Interpretitsmeaning. 3Giveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
CORNELL’SSUICIDEPROBLEM.That’sthedescriptionthatbroadcastedacrossthebottomofCNNduringthismorning’ssegmentabouttheuniversityinstallingfencestopreventpeoplefromjumpingintothegap.ActuallyCNNit’snotasuicideproblemsomuchasamediaproblem—aproblemstemmingfromoutletslikeyoursthatarequicktospreadthemyththatCornellisthesuicideschool.TheNewYorkTimesisguiltytoo.AfterthethirdCornellsuicideinlessthanamonththeTimesranafront-pagestorythatsaidtheuniversitywasonhighalertaboutthementalhealthofitsstudentsandthattherecentdeathshavecastagollyatmosphereovertheuniversityandrenewedtalkofCornell’sreputation—unsup-portedsayofficials—asahigh-stress’suicideschool’.Butit’snotuntildeepintothejumponApril25ththatthearticleaddressestheactualstatisticswhichindicatethatCornell’srateofsuicidesisnohigherthanthenationalaverageforauniversityofthatsizeabouttwoayear.Otherhigh-pressurecollegeshavemoretroublingnumberstocontendwith.MIT’ssuicideratesince1964whentheuniversitystartedkeepingtrackisabout14.6per100000studentsaccordingtoanarticleinMIT’sstudentnewspaperTheTechcomparedtoabout4.3per100000overthesametimeperiodatCornell.AndalthoughtherecentconcentrationofCornellsuicidesistragicandremarkableitcomesontheheelsoffouryearswithoutasingleone.Butthesuicide-freeyearsdon’tmakeheadlines;jumpersdo.GrantedI’maproudCornellalumnasoI’mparticularlysensitiveaboutthesemisconceptions.ButIliketothinkI’mrelativelyobjectiveaboutmyalmamater.Cornellsuicideswhentheyoccurtendtobedramatic.TheygetnationalmediaattentionwithfrighteningimagesliketheonesCNNwasflashingtodayofguysinuniformswatchingthecampusbridges.Theideaofastressed-outundergraduatethrowinghimselfintoadeepgap—it’sfrighteninganditstayswithyou.Somuchsothatyouprobablyrememberitasmoreexaggeratedaproblemthanitactuallyis.Individualscan’tbefaultedforthat—ourbrainsdofunnythingswithunreliableevidence.Butmediaoutletsaredifferentandshouldbefoundatfaultwhentheyfanthesemisconceptions.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
Mostoftheillusionsthatdefinedthetateglobaleconomicboom—thenotionthatglobalgrowthhadmovedtoanon-stophigherplaneandhousingpricesfromMiamitoMumbaiwouldriseindefinitely—arenowindeedexhausted.Yetoneideastillhasthepowertocaptureimaginationsandmarkets:itisthatcommoditieslikeoilcoppergrainsandgoldarealldestinedtoriseovertime.Lotsofsmartpeoplebelievethatlastyear’sincreaseincommoditiespricesrepresentedapauseinalong-termbullmarket.It’sviewrootedinpowerfulandrealtrendslikethegrowthofIndiathedeclineinglobalreservesfearsoverresourcenationalizationandlong-termlackofinvestmentinenergyandagriculturewhichlimitssupply.Atanypointintimetherearealwaysneweconomicpowersemergingontheglobalsceneyetproductpriceshavecontinuedtofall.The1980sand1990swerearelativelystrongperiodfortheglobaleconomyandIndiawasgrowingatanaveragepaceof7percent.Butpricesformostcommoditiesdidnotfollowoilforexampleneverbrokethroughtheupperlimitof$40abarrel.Thereasonoilpricesdidnotspikehigherissimple:demandforanyproductisprice-elasticwhichmeansthatoncethepricegoestoohighconsumersstopbuyingitormakeheroiceffortstofindasubstitute.Thereisgoodreasontobelievethattheworldjustpassedasimilarturningpoint.Thelastboomintheoilpricescollapsedin1979whentotalspendingonoilexceeded7percentofglobalGDP.LastyearspendingonoilhitasimilarshareofglobalGDPandthepricehassincefallenbymorethantwothirds.Yetmarketsarestillbettingthatthepriceofoilispoisedtospikeagain.Someanalystspredict$90abarrelby2012.It’sworthnotingthatuntilasrecentlyas2005themarketsactedontheexactoppositeassumption.Foryearssportpricesranmuchhigherthanfuturespricesbecausemostinvestorsassumedpriceswouldfollowthehistorictrendline:down.Todayinvestorsaresillreactingtoanysignofhealthintheglobaleconomybypouringmoneybackintocommoditiesproducingtheunstableupwardpriceswingwe’veseeninrecentweeks.Whatdoestheauthormeanbyprice-elasticLine2Para.4
Tourismholidaymakingandtravelarethesedaysmoresignificantsocialphenomenathanmostcommentatorshaveconsidered.Onthefaceofittherecouldnotbeamoretrivialsubjectforabook.Andindeedsincesocialscientistshavehadconsiderabledifficultyexplainingweightiertopicssuchasworkorpoliticsitmightbethoughtthattheywouldhavegreatdifficultiesinaccountingformoretrivialphenomenasuchasholidaymaking.41Howeverthereareinterestingparallelswiththestudyofdeviance.Thisinvolvestheinvestigationofbizarreandidiosyncraticsocialpracticeswhichhappentobedefinedasdeviantinsomesocietiesbutnotnecessarilyinothers.Theassumptionisthattheinvestigationofdeviancecanrevealinterestingandsignificantaspectsofnormalsocieties.Itcouldbesaidthatasimilaranalysiscanbeappliedtotourism.42Tourismisaleisureactivitywhichpresupposesitsoppositenamelyregulatedandorganisedwork.Itisonemanifestationofhowworkandleisureareorganisedasseparateandregulatedspheresofsocialpracticeinmodernsocieties.Indeedactingasatouristisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofbeingmodernandthepopularconceptoftourismisthatitisorganizedwithinparticularplacesandoccursforregularisedperiodsoftime.Touristrelationshipsarisefromamovementofpeopletoandtheirstayinvariousdestinations.Thisnecessarilyinvolvessomemovementthatisthejourneyandaperiodofstayinanewplaceorplaces.Thejourneyandthestayarebydefinitionoutsidethenormalplacesofresidenceandworkandareofashort-termandtemporarynatureandthereisaclearintentiontoreturnhomewithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.43Asubstantialproportionofthepopulationofmodernsocietiesengagesinsuchtouristpractices;newsocialisedformsofprovisionhavedevelopedinordertocopewiththemasscharacterofthegazesoftouristsasopposedtotheindividualcharacteroftravel.Placesarechosentobevisitedandbegazeduponbecausethereisananticipationespeciallythroughdaydreamingandfantasyofintensepleasureseitheronadifferentscaleorinvolvingdifferentsensesfromthosecustomarilyencountered.Suchanticipationisconstructedandsustainedthroughavarietyofnon-touristpracticessuchasfilmsTVliteraturemagazinesrecordsandvideoswhichconstructandreinforcethisdaydreaming.44Touriststendtovisitfeaturesoflandscapeandtownscapewhichseparatethemofffromeverydayexperience.Suchaspectsareviewedbecausetheyaretakentobeinsomesenseoutoftheordinary.Theviewingofthesetouristsightsofteninvolvesdifferentformsofsocialpatterningwithamuchgreatersensitivitytovisualelementsoflandscapeortownscapethanisnormallyfoundineverydaylife.Peoplelingeroverthesesightsinawaythattheywouldnotnormallydointheirhomeenvironmentandthevisionisobjectifiedorcapturedthroughphotographspostcardsfilmsandsoonwhichenablethememorytobeendlesslyreproducedandrecaptured.45Toservicetheburgeoningtouristindustryanarrayofprofessionalshasdevelopedwhoattempttoreproduceever-newobjectsforthetouristtolookat.Theseobjectsorplacesarelocatedinacomplexandchanginghierarchy.Thisdependsupontheinterplaybetweenontheonehandcompetitionbetweeninterestsinvolvedintheprovisionofsuchobjectsandontheotherhandchangingclassgenderandgenerationaldistinctionsoftastewithinthepotentialpopulationofvisitors.Ithasbeensaidthattobeatouristisoneofthecharacteristicsofthemodernexperience.Nottogoawayislikenotpossessingacaroranicehouse.Travelisamarkerofstatusinmodernsocietiesandisalsothoughttobenecessaryforgoodhealth.Theroleoftheprofessionalthereforeistocaterfortheneedsandtastesofthetouristsinaccordancewiththeirclassandoverallexpectations.A.GoodreasonforthestudyoftourismB.DevelopingnewformsofprovisionC.EssenceofmoderntourismD.Tourismvs.leisureE.ExtraordinarinessofmoderntourismF.Exploringroleoftouristprofessionals
Tourismholidaymakingandtravelarethesedaysmoresignificantsocialphenomenathanmostcommentatorshaveconsidered.Onthefaceofittherecouldnotbeamoretrivialsubjectforabook.Andindeedsincesocialscientistshavehadconsiderabledifficultyexplainingweightiertopicssuchasworkorpoliticsitmightbethoughtthattheywouldhavegreatdifficultiesinaccountingformoretrivialphenomenasuchasholidaymaking.41Howeverthereareinterestingparallelswiththestudyofdeviance.Thisinvolvestheinvestigationofbizarreandidiosyncraticsocialpracticeswhichhappentobedefinedasdeviantinsomesocietiesbutnotnecessarilyinothers.Theassumptionisthattheinvestigationofdeviancecanrevealinterestingandsignificantaspectsofnormalsocieties.Itcouldbesaidthatasimilaranalysiscanbeappliedtotourism.42Tourismisaleisureactivitywhichpresupposesitsoppositenamelyregulatedandorganisedwork.Itisonemanifestationofhowworkandleisureareorganisedasseparateandregulatedspheresofsocialpracticeinmodernsocieties.Indeedactingasatouristisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofbeingmodernandthepopularconceptoftourismisthatitisorganizedwithinparticularplacesandoccursforregularisedperiodsoftime.Touristrelationshipsarisefromamovementofpeopletoandtheirstayinvariousdestinations.Thisnecessarilyinvolvessomemovementthatisthejourneyandaperiodofstayinanewplaceorplaces.Thejourneyandthestayarebydefinitionoutsidethenormalplacesofresidenceandworkandareofashort-termandtemporarynatureandthereisaclearintentiontoreturnhomewithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.43Asubstantialproportionofthepopulationofmodernsocietiesengagesinsuchtouristpractices;newsocialisedformsofprovisionhavedevelopedinordertocopewiththemasscharacterofthegazesoftouristsasopposedtotheindividualcharacteroftravel.Placesarechosentobevisitedandbegazeduponbecausethereisananticipationespeciallythroughdaydreamingandfantasyofintensepleasureseitheronadifferentscaleorinvolvingdifferentsensesfromthosecustomarilyencountered.Suchanticipationisconstructedandsustainedthroughavarietyofnon-touristpracticessuchasfilmsTVliteraturemagazinesrecordsandvideoswhichconstructandreinforcethisdaydreaming.44Touriststendtovisitfeaturesoflandscapeandtownscapewhichseparatethemofffromeverydayexperience.Suchaspectsareviewedbecausetheyaretakentobeinsomesenseoutoftheordinary.Theviewingofthesetouristsightsofteninvolvesdifferentformsofsocialpatterningwithamuchgreatersensitivitytovisualelementsoflandscapeortownscapethanisnormallyfoundineverydaylife.Peoplelingeroverthesesightsinawaythattheywouldnotnormallydointheirhomeenvironmentandthevisionisobjectifiedorcapturedthroughphotographspostcardsfilmsandsoonwhichenablethememorytobeendlesslyreproducedandrecaptured.45Toservicetheburgeoningtouristindustryanarrayofprofessionalshasdevelopedwhoattempttoreproduceever-newobjectsforthetouristtolookat.Theseobjectsorplacesarelocatedinacomplexandchanginghierarchy.Thisdependsupontheinterplaybetweenontheonehandcompetitionbetweeninterestsinvolvedintheprovisionofsuchobjectsandontheotherhandchangingclassgenderandgenerationaldistinctionsoftastewithinthepotentialpopulationofvisitors.Ithasbeensaidthattobeatouristisoneofthecharacteristicsofthemodernexperience.Nottogoawayislikenotpossessingacaroranicehouse.Travelisamarkerofstatusinmodernsocietiesandisalsothoughttobenecessaryforgoodhealth.Theroleoftheprofessionalthereforeistocaterfortheneedsandtastesofthetouristsinaccordancewiththeirclassandoverallexpectations.A.GoodreasonforthestudyoftourismB.DevelopingnewformsofprovisionC.EssenceofmoderntourismD.Tourismvs.leisureE.ExtraordinarinessofmoderntourismF.Exploringroleoftouristprofessionals
当x→0时都是无穷小量将它们按关于x的阶数从低到高的顺序排列．
Internetdatashowsthatyoungeradultshavebecometheprimaryaudienceobsessedwithtelevisionprogramsaboutalteringpeople’sappearance.OncethedomainofthefemaleinherfiftiesplasticsurgeryhasbecometheobsessionoftheyoungerInternetusers.TherecenttragicdeathofStephanieKulebaan18-year-oldhighschoolcheer-leaderwhodiedasaresultofaplasticsurgerybroughtourattentiontothepursuitofamoreidealbodyamongstteenagers.Infactsearchdataconfirmsthisphenomenon.OneofthemostpopularsitesvisitedfromthesearchtermplasticsurgeryistheofficialsiteoftheAmericanSocietyofPlasticSurgeonswww.plasticsurgery.org.Over25%ofvisitorstothesitefellwithinthe18-to-24-year-old—that’supfrom19.6%twoyearsago.PlasticsurgeryhasbecomeanAmericanobsession.CheckingothermarketssuchastheU.K.andAustraliathe18-to-24-year-oldfascinationwithplasticsurgeryisadefinitelyU.S.phenomenon.Lookingatotherhealthrelatedsitesvisitedby18-to-24-year-oldsrevealsjusthowobsessedthisagegroupiswithappearance.UnliketheoldergroupswhovisitsitesrelatedtodiseasesandkeepinghealthyyoungerInternetusersflocktositesthatdwellonpersonalappearancesuchasthosefocusedonbody-buildingweightlossandskin-care.Anddefinitelyplasticsurgery.Whilesurgery-themedtelevisionmaybedrivingtheinterestofayoungeraudienceonefactorappearstobekeyinmoderatingteensfromalteringtheirbodies:thefailingU.S.economy.Ifwetrackthetrendinsearchesontopicssuchasplasticsurgerytherehasbeenasharpdeclineinallplasticsurgerytopicsoverthelastyear.Itmayverywellberelatedtothenoticeableincomegroupofvisitors—U.S.householdsthatearnlessthan$30000peryear.Infactifwelookatthesearchpatternsaroundpopularsurgeriesoverthelastyearthetermcostappearmostcommonly.Whileolderagegroupscontinuetosearchforinformationonproceduressuchasface-liftsorliposuctionit’stheyoungerInternetuserswhointougheconomictimesarefocusingonimprovingtheirouterbeautythoughatadiscountprice.Whatisacauseforyoungpeopletopayattentiontoplasticsurgery
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 16
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