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(46) Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns o...
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Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Se是人体必需微量元素下列关于Se和Se说法正确的是
Se和
Se互为同素异形体
Se和
Se互为同位素
Se和
Se分别含有44和46个质子
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
硒Se是人体必需的微量元素它的一种同位素是Se下列有关该同位素的说法正确的是
质子数为80
电子数为114
中子数为46
质量数为34
Se是人体必需微量元素下列关于Se和Se的说法正确的是
Se和
Se互为同位素
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
Se和
Se分别含有44和46个质子
Se和
Se含有不同的电子数
Se是人体必需微量元素下列有关Se和Se的说法正确的是
Se 和
Se所含电子数不同
Se和
Se是两种不同的核素
Se和
Se 分别含有44和46个质子
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
2.00分硒Se的一种同位素是Se.下列有关该同位素的说法正确的是
质子数为80
电子数为114
中子数为46
质量数为34
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofa
Se是人体必需微量元素下列关于Se和Se说法正确的是
Se和
Se互为同素异形体
Se和
Se互为同位素
Se和
Se分别含有44和46个质子
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofa
Se是人体必需的微量元素下列关于Se和Se的说法正确的是
Se和
Se互为同素异形体
Se和
Se互为同位素
Se和
Se分别含有44和46个质子
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
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se
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Theriverruns______hereintotheSouthChinaSe
a. broad widely broadly wide
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofa
21.Theriverruns_____hereintoSouthChinaSe
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46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofa
Se是人体必需微量元素下列有关Se和Se的说法正确的是
Se 和
Se所含电子数不同
Se和
Se都含有34个中子
Se和
Se 分别含有44和46个质
Se和
Se互为同位素
某膨胀土的的胀缩等级为Ⅲ级则该膨胀土的分级变形量Se应为
Se<15%
15%≤Se<35%
35%≤Se<70%
Se≥70%
水样不经消化用二氨基萘荧光光度法直接测定出的硒为
Se6+
Se4+
Se2-
总硒
Se和Se
硒Se是人体必需的微量元素它的一种同位素是Se.下列有关该同位素的说法正确的是
质子数为80
电子数为114
中子数为46
质量数为34
硒Se的一种同位素是Se.下列有关该同位素的说法正确的是
质子数为80
电子数为114
中子数为46
质量数为34
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AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.Accordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheemployerswhentryingtohirenewcomers
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 48
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes.
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 2
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 18
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.Whichofthefollowingisthemostresultofwinnersoftheelection
[A]Generallyhowevermodernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfactsnotpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestioneachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.AlongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperlyThestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletterornumberonhisexaminationpaper. [B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknowsmostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"testswhichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroadgeneralquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld. [C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisusedproblemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestionshoweverafairlyclearpictureofthestudent’sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained. [D]Fortestingastudent’smemoryoffactsanddetailstheobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent’srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearninghoweversuchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial. [E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespokennotwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRometestingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAgesstudentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor’sdegree. [F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent’sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimesthoughessaytestshavedisadvantagestoo.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubjectwhileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform. [G]Besidesonanessaytestthestudent’sscoremaydependupontheexaminer’sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorboredthestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchanceandofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore. 44
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 46
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 10
AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.ByintroducingthecaseofJonesTheauthorwantsto______
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 12
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 44
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 8
AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.Whichofthefollowingisnotthemasonwhypeopleresistthetendencytoexaggeratetheircredentials
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 4
Directions:Thereiscontroversyoverthegoodandbadsidesofbeinganonlychildinthefamily.Somebelievethatgrowingupinafamilywithseveralbrothersorsistersoffersmoreadvantagesthandisadvantageswhileothersarguethatbeinganonlychildismoreadvantageous.Thisisaninterestingtopicworthdiscussion.WhatisyourpointofviewYouaregoingtowriteanessaytoofferyouropinionaboutit.Inyouressayyoushould1stateclearlyyourpointofview2supportyourviewwithexampleorexamples3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressayand4remembertosupplyanappropriatetitletoyouressay.Youshouldwrite160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 16
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Itisbetterforinsurancecompaniestocoverthecostoflong-termtherapybecause
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./TheunderlinedwordbipolarLine2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans______
[A]Generallyhowevermodernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfactsnotpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestioneachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.AlongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperlyThestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletterornumberonhisexaminationpaper. [B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknowsmostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"testswhichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroadgeneralquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld. [C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisusedproblemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestionshoweverafairlyclearpictureofthestudent’sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained. [D]Fortestingastudent’smemoryoffactsanddetailstheobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent’srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearninghoweversuchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial. [E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespokennotwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRometestingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAgesstudentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor’sdegree. [F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent’sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimesthoughessaytestshavedisadvantagestoo.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubjectwhileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform. [G]Besidesonanessaytestthestudent’sscoremaydependupontheexaminer’sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorboredthestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchanceandofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore. 42
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 50
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 14
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.WhatisthebestdescriptionoftheschoolsinSt.Louis
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Whatistheimageofundocumentedimmigrantsintheauthor’sopinion
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 6
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Themostprevailingtypesofpsychotherapydon’tinclude______
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Intheauthor’sopinionwhydoundocumentedimmigrantsstraggleforlife
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 20
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent.
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