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法律生效的时间主要有以下几种形式( )。
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国家责任的主体主要是和是引起国家责任的原因国家责任是一种国家责任的形式主要有以下几种
法律生效的时间主要有
自法律颁布之日起生效
由该法律规定具体生效时间
由专门决定规定该法律的具体生效时间
规定法律颁布后达到一定期限开始生效
倒虹吸管的纵剖面布置形式主要有以下几种桥式倒虹等
吸附的形式主要有哪几种
潜水的补给主要有几种形式
法律开始生效主要有以下几种情况
法律通过后立即生效
法律自公布之日起生效
法律自试行之日起生效
自法律文件到达之日起生效
被法官适用作出判决时生效
无文字时期的文学主要有以下几种形式
高炉本体钢结构主要有以下几种形式
热传递主要有那几种形式
屋外配电装置主要有几种形式
灭弧装置主要有那几种形式
在网络项目中进行活动时间估算的方法主要有以下几种经验类比专家意见
焦化目前主要有几种形式
潜水的排泄主要有几种形式
管线及附件腐蚀主要有几种形式
自身输血有简便安全有效的优点它主要有以下几种形式和
西餐宴会的台型主要有以下几种常见形式
法律生效的时间主要有以下的形式
自法律颁发之日起生效
由该法来规定具体的生效时间
由专门机关规定该法的具体生效时间
规定法律颁布后到达一定期限开始生效
网络互联主要有哪几种形式
淘宝直播主要有以下哪几种形式
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Text4AbouttwothousandyearsagotheCeltswerestillintheirprimitivesocietyandBritainwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps.Theyknewnothingofawrittenlanguagealthoughtheycouldutterdifferentsoundstoexchangesimpleideas.ButtheCeltscreatedtheirowncivilizationofwhichthemostshiningexamplewasthehistoricalStonehengeinWiltshire.TheStonehengestillinexistencenowwasacirculararrangementofmonolithsbuiltbytheancientBritonsforpurposesstillunknowntomodernhistorians.TheCelticlanguagedidn’tdisappearedcompletelyeither.SomeoftheCelticwordsorsoundswerelaterassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.SomepeopleinScotlandandWalesnowstillspeakalanguageofCelticorigin.ItisbelievedthattheCeltswererelatedwiththeancientpeopleinwhatisnowFranceandtheyperhapsofferedsomehelpinthestruggletoresistJuliusCaesarwhenheinvadedFrance.TheRomanarmycommandedbyJuliusCaesarinvadedEnglandinthefirstcenturyB.C.InthefirstCenturyA.D.theRomanswentacrosstheEnglishChannelandinvadedBritainforthesecondtime.TheydidnotmeetwithmuchresistanceonthepartofthenativesandsoongotpossessionofwhatisnowknownasEnglandbydrivingmanyofthenativeCeltstomountainousScotlandandWales.TheRomansbroughtotherthingswiththembesidestheirswords.TheyintroducedtheirRomancivilizationintoEngland.TheybuilttownstemplestheatresandfanebuildingsbetteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.TheydrainedmarshesclearedawayforestsbuiltroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivatetheirlandinabetterway.Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownswhichusuallytookonnamesendingin"shire".TheyremainedinEnglandforabout350yearsuntil410A.D.whentheGermanicracesstartedinvadingRome.TheinvasionmadeitnecessarytowithdrawtheRomansoldiersfromEnglandtodefendtheirhomecountry.TheislandofBritainwasagainreturnedtothecontrolofthenativeinhabitants.ButthenativeshadbeenruledandprotectedsolongbytheRomantroopsthattheydidnotknowhowtoprotectthemselvestheislandthereforebecameatemptingandeasypreytothetribeswithineasyreach.InvadersfromIrelandandScotlandbegantoplunderandkilltheweakanddefenselessBritonsinEngland.TheBritonshardlyknewwhattodoandtheyindespairaskedtheRomanstosendbacktheirsoldierstoprotectthemRomecouldnotdothisasshehadmoreseriousbusinessonhand.JustatthistimeabandofnewcomerslandedinthesouthernpartofEnglandinwhatisnowthecountyofKent.ThesenewcomerswereknowninhistoryastheJutesAnglesandSaxonswhohadcomefromNorthernEurope.Theywereaggressiveroversandpiratesreadytoplunderortofight.TothemtheBritonsturnedforassistance.Theyaskedthenewcomerstojoininthewaragainsttheirfierceneighbors.TheresultwasavictoryforthecombinedBritonsandAnglo-Saxons. TheCeltshelpedFrancetoresist
Text3HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipis
Text4AbouttwothousandyearsagotheCeltswerestillintheirprimitivesocietyandBritainwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps.Theyknewnothingofawrittenlanguagealthoughtheycouldutterdifferentsoundstoexchangesimpleideas.ButtheCeltscreatedtheirowncivilizationofwhichthemostshiningexamplewasthehistoricalStonehengeinWiltshire.TheStonehengestillinexistencenowwasacirculararrangementofmonolithsbuiltbytheancientBritonsforpurposesstillunknowntomodernhistorians.TheCelticlanguagedidn’tdisappearedcompletelyeither.SomeoftheCelticwordsorsoundswerelaterassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.SomepeopleinScotlandandWalesnowstillspeakalanguageofCelticorigin.ItisbelievedthattheCeltswererelatedwiththeancientpeopleinwhatisnowFranceandtheyperhapsofferedsomehelpinthestruggletoresistJuliusCaesarwhenheinvadedFrance.TheRomanarmycommandedbyJuliusCaesarinvadedEnglandinthefirstcenturyB.C.InthefirstCenturyA.D.theRomanswentacrosstheEnglishChannelandinvadedBritainforthesecondtime.TheydidnotmeetwithmuchresistanceonthepartofthenativesandsoongotpossessionofwhatisnowknownasEnglandbydrivingmanyofthenativeCeltstomountainousScotlandandWales.TheRomansbroughtotherthingswiththembesidestheirswords.TheyintroducedtheirRomancivilizationintoEngland.TheybuilttownstemplestheatresandfanebuildingsbetteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.TheydrainedmarshesclearedawayforestsbuiltroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivatetheirlandinabetterway.Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownswhichusuallytookonnamesendingin"shire".TheyremainedinEnglandforabout350yearsuntil410A.D.whentheGermanicracesstartedinvadingRome.TheinvasionmadeitnecessarytowithdrawtheRomansoldiersfromEnglandtodefendtheirhomecountry.TheislandofBritainwasagainreturnedtothecontrolofthenativeinhabitants.ButthenativeshadbeenruledandprotectedsolongbytheRomantroopsthattheydidnotknowhowtoprotectthemselvestheislandthereforebecameatemptingandeasypreytothetribeswithineasyreach.InvadersfromIrelandandScotlandbegantoplunderandkilltheweakanddefenselessBritonsinEngland.TheBritonshardlyknewwhattodoandtheyindespairaskedtheRomanstosendbacktheirsoldierstoprotectthemRomecouldnotdothisasshehadmoreseriousbusinessonhand.JustatthistimeabandofnewcomerslandedinthesouthernpartofEnglandinwhatisnowthecountyofKent.ThesenewcomerswereknowninhistoryastheJutesAnglesandSaxonswhohadcomefromNorthernEurope.Theywereaggressiveroversandpiratesreadytoplunderortofight.TothemtheBritonsturnedforassistance.Theyaskedthenewcomerstojoininthewaragainsttheirfierceneighbors.TheresultwasavictoryforthecombinedBritonsandAnglo-Saxons. Whichofthefollowingstatementisnottrue
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermentiontherearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomebepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Thewriterthinksthatacademicworkhasrecentlybecomemorespecializedbecause
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofhomebasedbusinessfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsLeavingcorporateAmericatorunahomebasedbusinessistheidealsituationformanypeople:There’snobossbreathingdownyournecknoboringmeetingstoattendandno45-minutedrivesinrushhourtraffic.Workingfromhomecanbearewardingexperiencebutit’seasytoforgetthebasicrulesofrunningasuccessfulbusinesswhenit’s10hoursofjustyouyourcomputerandthedistractionsofhome.Tohelpyoustayontrackwe’vecontactedhomebasedbusinessexpertRosalindResnickCEOofAxxessBusinessCentersInc.aNewYorksmall-businessconsultingfirm.She’sputtogetherseveralhelpfultipsforkeepingyourhomebasedbusinessrunningsmoothly.41.Organizeyourfamilytime.Onceyourprofessionallifeisorganizedyoumayneedtoconsiderorganizingyourpersonallife.42.Motivateyourself.Sitdownandsetsomegoalsforyourself.43.Taketimeoutforgoodbehavior.Takeabreakeverynowandthensoyoudon’tgetburnedout.44.Network.Networkwithotherhomebasedbusinessownersineitheraformalorinformalsetting.45.Considermovingoutofyourhome.Atthepointwhenyourbusinessbecomessosuccessfulthatyoucannotefficientlyworkclosetogetherstartconsideringmovingyourofficeoutsidethehome.[A]Thisisagoodwaytofindserviceprovidersleadersandpotentialclients.Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoalsoworkfromhomewillgiveyouthesupportyouneedandreferyoutopeoplewhocanhelpyougrowyourbusiness.[B]Maybeyounoticedrightawayormaybeit’sjustbecomingapparentthatyoutendtoworkaroundthescheduleofyourfamilymembers.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouhavechildren.Alotofpeopleespeciallyyoungmomsdecidethatthey’regoingtoquittheirjobsincorporateAmericaandworkfromhomeinordertocarefortheirchildrenandsaveondaycareexpenses.Butinrealityifyou’reseriousaboutrunningahomebasedbusinessandearningadecentincomeyou’regoingtohavetomakearrangementsforchildcareinoroutsidethehome.Otherwiseitbecomestoodistracting.Considerhiringababysittersoyou’reguaranteedfivetosixsolidhourstogetyourworkdone.[C]Younolongerhavequarterlyreviewsorprogressreportssoit’simportanttokeeptrackofwhetherornotyou’remakingprogressinyourbusiness.It’sonethingtosetsmallgoalslikecompletingyourto-dolist—youalsohavetosetgoalstomotivateyourselftosucceed.Hopefullybynowyou’remakingasmuchifnotmoremoneyatyourhomebasedbusinessthanyouwereatyourformerjob.Ifyouaren’tbeginbysettingagoaltobringinthesameamountofincomeyouwereandslowlyraisethebartoincreaseyourincomebyacoupleofthousandamonth.Onceyou’vemetagoalmaketimetorewardyourselfbydoingsomethingfunwhichbringsustothenexttip.[D]Foralotofpeopleworkingfromhomeisalaunchingpad.Inthebeginningmanybusinessownersworkfromhomeinordertokeepoverheadlow.Ifyouhavemorethanonepersonwithdifferentrolesworkingfromyourhomeofficeyoushouldideallybeworkinginseparaterooms.Itcanbedifficulthavingtwopeopleworksidebysideevenifthosetwopeoplearespousesandloveeachotherverymuch.It’sdistractingforanyonetohavesomeonethreefeetawayfromyoutalkingonthephone.Bepreparedforexpansion.[E]It’snotuncommontofindyourselfworking60-to70-hourweeks.Butthegoodthingisifyouwanttosneakoutandseeamovieattwointheafternoonnobody’sgoingtotellyounottodoit.Youhavethatfreedomandflexibilityasahomebusinessowner.Itcanbetemptingtoworkallthetimewhenyoustartseeinghowsuccessfulyourbusinesshasbecomebutknowwhentorelax.You’vealreadyestablishedasmooth-runningbusiness.[F]Initshighlevelsthemantleisrelativelycool;atgreaterdepthhightemperaturesmaketherockbehavemorelikealiquidthanasolid. 43
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofhomebasedbusinessfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsLeavingcorporateAmericatorunahomebasedbusinessistheidealsituationformanypeople:There’snobossbreathingdownyournecknoboringmeetingstoattendandno45-minutedrivesinrushhourtraffic.Workingfromhomecanbearewardingexperiencebutit’seasytoforgetthebasicrulesofrunningasuccessfulbusinesswhenit’s10hoursofjustyouyourcomputerandthedistractionsofhome.Tohelpyoustayontrackwe’vecontactedhomebasedbusinessexpertRosalindResnickCEOofAxxessBusinessCentersInc.aNewYorksmall-businessconsultingfirm.She’sputtogetherseveralhelpfultipsforkeepingyourhomebasedbusinessrunningsmoothly.41.Organizeyourfamilytime.Onceyourprofessionallifeisorganizedyoumayneedtoconsiderorganizingyourpersonallife.42.Motivateyourself.Sitdownandsetsomegoalsforyourself.43.Taketimeoutforgoodbehavior.Takeabreakeverynowandthensoyoudon’tgetburnedout.44.Network.Networkwithotherhomebasedbusinessownersineitheraformalorinformalsetting.45.Considermovingoutofyourhome.Atthepointwhenyourbusinessbecomessosuccessfulthatyoucannotefficientlyworkclosetogetherstartconsideringmovingyourofficeoutsidethehome.[A]Thisisagoodwaytofindserviceprovidersleadersandpotentialclients.Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoalsoworkfromhomewillgiveyouthesupportyouneedandreferyoutopeoplewhocanhelpyougrowyourbusiness.[B]Maybeyounoticedrightawayormaybeit’sjustbecomingapparentthatyoutendtoworkaroundthescheduleofyourfamilymembers.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouhavechildren.Alotofpeopleespeciallyyoungmomsdecidethatthey’regoingtoquittheirjobsincorporateAmericaandworkfromhomeinordertocarefortheirchildrenandsaveondaycareexpenses.Butinrealityifyou’reseriousaboutrunningahomebasedbusinessandearningadecentincomeyou’regoingtohavetomakearrangementsforchildcareinoroutsidethehome.Otherwiseitbecomestoodistracting.Considerhiringababysittersoyou’reguaranteedfivetosixsolidhourstogetyourworkdone.[C]Younolongerhavequarterlyreviewsorprogressreportssoit’simportanttokeeptrackofwhetherornotyou’remakingprogressinyourbusiness.It’sonethingtosetsmallgoalslikecompletingyourto-dolist—youalsohavetosetgoalstomotivateyourselftosucceed.Hopefullybynowyou’remakingasmuchifnotmoremoneyatyourhomebasedbusinessthanyouwereatyourformerjob.Ifyouaren’tbeginbysettingagoaltobringinthesameamountofincomeyouwereandslowlyraisethebartoincreaseyourincomebyacoupleofthousandamonth.Onceyou’vemetagoalmaketimetorewardyourselfbydoingsomethingfunwhichbringsustothenexttip.[D]Foralotofpeopleworkingfromhomeisalaunchingpad.Inthebeginningmanybusinessownersworkfromhomeinordertokeepoverheadlow.Ifyouhavemorethanonepersonwithdifferentrolesworkingfromyourhomeofficeyoushouldideallybeworkinginseparaterooms.Itcanbedifficulthavingtwopeopleworksidebysideevenifthosetwopeoplearespousesandloveeachotherverymuch.It’sdistractingforanyonetohavesomeonethreefeetawayfromyoutalkingonthephone.Bepreparedforexpansion.[E]It’snotuncommontofindyourselfworking60-to70-hourweeks.Butthegoodthingisifyouwanttosneakoutandseeamovieattwointheafternoonnobody’sgoingtotellyounottodoit.Youhavethatfreedomandflexibilityasahomebusinessowner.Itcanbetemptingtoworkallthetimewhenyoustartseeinghowsuccessfulyourbusinesshasbecomebutknowwhentorelax.You’vealreadyestablishedasmooth-runningbusiness.[F]Initshighlevelsthemantleisrelativelycool;atgreaterdepthhightemperaturesmaketherockbehavemorelikealiquidthanasolid. 45
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofhomebasedbusinessfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsLeavingcorporateAmericatorunahomebasedbusinessistheidealsituationformanypeople:There’snobossbreathingdownyournecknoboringmeetingstoattendandno45-minutedrivesinrushhourtraffic.Workingfromhomecanbearewardingexperiencebutit’seasytoforgetthebasicrulesofrunningasuccessfulbusinesswhenit’s10hoursofjustyouyourcomputerandthedistractionsofhome.Tohelpyoustayontrackwe’vecontactedhomebasedbusinessexpertRosalindResnickCEOofAxxessBusinessCentersInc.aNewYorksmall-businessconsultingfirm.She’sputtogetherseveralhelpfultipsforkeepingyourhomebasedbusinessrunningsmoothly.41.Organizeyourfamilytime.Onceyourprofessionallifeisorganizedyoumayneedtoconsiderorganizingyourpersonallife.42.Motivateyourself.Sitdownandsetsomegoalsforyourself.43.Taketimeoutforgoodbehavior.Takeabreakeverynowandthensoyoudon’tgetburnedout.44.Network.Networkwithotherhomebasedbusinessownersineitheraformalorinformalsetting.45.Considermovingoutofyourhome.Atthepointwhenyourbusinessbecomessosuccessfulthatyoucannotefficientlyworkclosetogetherstartconsideringmovingyourofficeoutsidethehome.[A]Thisisagoodwaytofindserviceprovidersleadersandpotentialclients.Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoalsoworkfromhomewillgiveyouthesupportyouneedandreferyoutopeoplewhocanhelpyougrowyourbusiness.[B]Maybeyounoticedrightawayormaybeit’sjustbecomingapparentthatyoutendtoworkaroundthescheduleofyourfamilymembers.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouhavechildren.Alotofpeopleespeciallyyoungmomsdecidethatthey’regoingtoquittheirjobsincorporateAmericaandworkfromhomeinordertocarefortheirchildrenandsaveondaycareexpenses.Butinrealityifyou’reseriousaboutrunningahomebasedbusinessandearningadecentincomeyou’regoingtohavetomakearrangementsforchildcareinoroutsidethehome.Otherwiseitbecomestoodistracting.Considerhiringababysittersoyou’reguaranteedfivetosixsolidhourstogetyourworkdone.[C]Younolongerhavequarterlyreviewsorprogressreportssoit’simportanttokeeptrackofwhetherornotyou’remakingprogressinyourbusiness.It’sonethingtosetsmallgoalslikecompletingyourto-dolist—youalsohavetosetgoalstomotivateyourselftosucceed.Hopefullybynowyou’remakingasmuchifnotmoremoneyatyourhomebasedbusinessthanyouwereatyourformerjob.Ifyouaren’tbeginbysettingagoaltobringinthesameamountofincomeyouwereandslowlyraisethebartoincreaseyourincomebyacoupleofthousandamonth.Onceyou’vemetagoalmaketimetorewardyourselfbydoingsomethingfunwhichbringsustothenexttip.[D]Foralotofpeopleworkingfromhomeisalaunchingpad.Inthebeginningmanybusinessownersworkfromhomeinordertokeepoverheadlow.Ifyouhavemorethanonepersonwithdifferentrolesworkingfromyourhomeofficeyoushouldideallybeworkinginseparaterooms.Itcanbedifficulthavingtwopeopleworksidebysideevenifthosetwopeoplearespousesandloveeachotherverymuch.It’sdistractingforanyonetohavesomeonethreefeetawayfromyoutalkingonthephone.Bepreparedforexpansion.[E]It’snotuncommontofindyourselfworking60-to70-hourweeks.Butthegoodthingisifyouwanttosneakoutandseeamovieattwointheafternoonnobody’sgoingtotellyounottodoit.Youhavethatfreedomandflexibilityasahomebusinessowner.Itcanbetemptingtoworkallthetimewhenyoustartseeinghowsuccessfulyourbusinesshasbecomebutknowwhentorelax.You’vealreadyestablishedasmooth-runningbusiness.[F]Initshighlevelsthemantleisrelativelycool;atgreaterdepthhightemperaturesmaketherockbehavemorelikealiquidthanasolid. 41
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text3HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Theauthorcontraststhe1930'swiththepresentinordertoshowthat
Text2ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehaviorofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimalsandthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituationsuchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.ThustheantlionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswithabdomengoesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatensandendeavorswiththeutmostexertionstoboreintoitItknowsnoothermodeofflightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandifinterruptediteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactionsasuselessascultivatinganunsownfieldordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwoodwhenremovedfromahalffinishedhomewillnotbeginagainthoughitwillcontinueanotherburrowevenonemadewithapencil.Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar—reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habitsinsteadofbeingbornready—madeWhentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatallwereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironmentofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremoldedtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.Thismeansonemightatfirstimaginethatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect—likecreaturesarenolongerinheritedalthoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingonyetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors. Whenaspiderisremovedtoanewpositionwherehalfofanethasbeenmadeitwillprobably
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermentiontherearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomebepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Developmentsininternationalcooperationareoftenitissuggestedtheresultof
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions: YouarerequiredtowriteamemorandumonbehalfoftheStudents’Unionencouragingallthestudentsandteachersonyourcampustomakedonationsforpeopleinfloodedregionsofourcountry.Inyourwritingyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1difficultiesconfrontingpeopleinfloodedareas 2appealstothereadersand 3timeandplacetocollectthedonations. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsMaintainingclassroomdisciplineisagrowingproblemformanyschools.46Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear.TherecanbenosuchexcuseatBebingtonHighSchoolontheWirral.WhenchildrenmisbehaveatBebingtontheteacherimmediatelywritestheirnamesontheclassroomboard.Theyknowtheyareintroubleandtheyknowwhatthepenaltyislikelytobe.Theirclassmatesknowtoothatthechoicetobreaktheruleswastheirown.47TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching."Assertivediscipline"wasintroducedintoBebingtonlastSeptemberandMargaretHodsonascienceteachersaystheresultsare"littleshortofamiracle".SincetheprogramwasintroducedintoEnglandtwoyearsago450schools80percentofthemprimaryhaveadoptedthescheme.Whethertheprogramspreadsmorewidelydependstosomeextentonthegovernment’sattitude.48AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram.Bebingtona1000-pupilll-to-18secondarymodernschoolwasalwaysconsideredgoodforaschoolofitstypebutstaffclaimthatstandardsofbehaviourincreaseddramaticallylasttermwithanimprovementintheworkrateofthechildrenandlessstressontheteachers.49Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.Asetofstraightforwardrulesisdisplayedonawallineachclassroomtogetherwithasetofrewardsandconsequences.50TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect. TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching.
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsMaintainingclassroomdisciplineisagrowingproblemformanyschools.46Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear.TherecanbenosuchexcuseatBebingtonHighSchoolontheWirral.WhenchildrenmisbehaveatBebingtontheteacherimmediatelywritestheirnamesontheclassroomboard.Theyknowtheyareintroubleandtheyknowwhatthepenaltyislikelytobe.Theirclassmatesknowtoothatthechoicetobreaktheruleswastheirown.47TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching."Assertivediscipline"wasintroducedintoBebingtonlastSeptemberandMargaretHodsonascienceteachersaystheresultsare"littleshortofamiracle".SincetheprogramwasintroducedintoEnglandtwoyearsago450schools80percentofthemprimaryhaveadoptedthescheme.Whethertheprogramspreadsmorewidelydependstosomeextentonthegovernment’sattitude.48AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram.Bebingtona1000-pupilll-to-18secondarymodernschoolwasalwaysconsideredgoodforaschoolofitstypebutstaffclaimthatstandardsofbehaviourincreaseddramaticallylasttermwithanimprovementintheworkrateofthechildrenandlessstressontheteachers.49Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.Asetofstraightforwardrulesisdisplayedonawallineachclassroomtogetherwithasetofrewardsandconsequences.50TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect. Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermentiontherearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomebepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Thewriterthinksthatthegrowthofspecialistsocietiesandperiodicalshashelpedscholarsto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor
Text2ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehaviorofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimalsandthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituationsuchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.ThustheantlionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswithabdomengoesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatensandendeavorswiththeutmostexertionstoboreintoitItknowsnoothermodeofflightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandifinterruptediteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactionsasuselessascultivatinganunsownfieldordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwoodwhenremovedfromahalffinishedhomewillnotbeginagainthoughitwillcontinueanotherburrowevenonemadewithapencil.Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar—reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habitsinsteadofbeingbornready—madeWhentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatallwereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironmentofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremoldedtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.Thismeansonemightatfirstimaginethatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect—likecreaturesarenolongerinheritedalthoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingonyetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors. Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext
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