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Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Notes:intrinsic固有的con-substantial同体的autonomy自主性zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicion热情地并丝毫也没有想到forthemostpart大部分主要地Utopian乌托邦理想主义disinterestedly不偏不倚地resignoneselfto听任顺从 Intheauthor’sviewtheGreekswhostudiedconicsections
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Notes:intrinsic固有的con-substantial同体的autonomy自主性zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicion热情地并丝毫也没有想到forthemostpart大部分主要地Utopian乌托邦理想主义disinterestedly不偏不倚地resignoneselfto听任顺从 Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge. Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe’"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou." Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies:firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherself-andsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity. Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceas.inessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhichonlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights. Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在...之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上学的 Theauthordiscussesthefivewritersmainlytoexplainsomeoftheirbeliefsabout
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Notes:divertattentionfrom没有注意到keepcarefulscore仔细记分definevt.界定hadhegrownup... Accordingtothetext.whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Notes:context环境bearon对......有影响关系到......例如Idon’tseehowthisbearsonthematter.我不明白这一点与那些事的关系liaisonn.联结liaisonofAwithA与B之间的联系 Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.
DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge. Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe’"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou." Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies:firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherself-andsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity. Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceas.inessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhichonlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights. Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在...之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上学的 Theauthordiscussesthedemocraticethicinparagraph3inorderto
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinit.andtofind.ifheisable.commonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment". 41.______. Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw. 42.______. The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfact.havetobeabandonedaltogether.Second.ascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust..."or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law"hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience. 43.______. Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth. 44.______. Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife 45.______. Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequiredscientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome. Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 42
MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration. Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold.thesickandtheburdened. Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehavioroftheseaboutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringthewar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen Olderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogelonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse. Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesitseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus.andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Notes:muchless更不用说Continentalman欧洲大陆上的人ratrace激烈的竞争belostto全然不顾alltoo实在太behardonsh.对......太严峻duen.应该得到的东西communicationsIntransport运输工具won’tbothertodosth.不愿费心去做某事pullthehell售票员拉铃以便让司机开动车辆doone’spart尽某人的责任 Intheauthor’sview.thebestremedyforcopingwiththehardconditionsintravelincitieswouldbeto
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Notes:divertattentionfrom没有注意到keepcarefulscore仔细记分definevt.界定hadhegrownup... Theselectionimpliesthatmoreoftenthevalueofaneducationaltestrestswith
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41--45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinit.andtofind.ifheisable.commonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment". 41.______. Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw. 42.______. The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfact.havetobeabandonedaltogether.Second.ascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust..."or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law"hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience. 43.______. Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth. 44.______. Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife 45.______. Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequiredscientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome. Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 44
DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge. Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe’"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou." Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies:firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherself-andsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity. Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceas.inessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhichonlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights. Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在...之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上学的 Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthehumanisticperspectiveofthefivewriters
MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration. Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold.thesickandtheburdened. Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehavioroftheseaboutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringthewar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen Olderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogelonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse. Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesitseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus.andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Notes:muchless更不用说Continentalman欧洲大陆上的人ratrace激烈的竞争belostto全然不顾alltoo实在太behardonsh.对......太严峻duen.应该得到的东西communicationsIntransport运输工具won’tbothertodosth.不愿费心去做某事pullthehell售票员拉铃以便让司机开动车辆doone’spart尽某人的责任 Accordingtotheauthorcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Notes:context环境bearon对......有影响关系到......例如Idon’tseehowthisbearsonthematter.我不明白这一点与那些事的关系liaisonn.联结liaisonofAwithA与B之间的联系 ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath;Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration. Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold.thesickandtheburdened. Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehavioroftheseaboutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringthewar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen Olderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogelonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse. Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesitseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus.andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Notes:muchless更不用说Continentalman欧洲大陆上的人ratrace激烈的竞争belostto全然不顾alltoo实在太behardonsh.对......太严峻duen.应该得到的东西communicationsIntransport运输工具won’tbothertodosth.不愿费心去做某事pullthehell售票员拉铃以便让司机开动车辆doone’spart尽某人的责任 Fromwhatyouhavereadwouldyouexpectmannerstoimproveamongpeoplewho
1.年轻人进入社会要面对论资排辈的现实 2．社会上种种因素阻碍年轻人发展 3．雇主应该正确看待一个人的能力按其能力付给报酬 Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
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