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简述紧急避险的概念及成立条件。
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Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 42
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. WhichwordismostsimilartoblockbusterLine1Paragraph2inmeaning
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Wecaninferfromthefirstparagraphthat
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. Whowillbebenefitedtheleastaccordingtothetheory
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheauthor
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." Whichoneisthebesttitleofthepassage
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemand 3giveyourpointofview Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome What’sthereasonthatGermany’schimneysweepsareunderattack
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. What’stheauthor’spurposeofthesecondparagraph
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame.
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 44
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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