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Even before canaries (特高频噪声) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to the presence of poison...
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GIS局部放电可用方法进行检测
特高频、超声波
高频、超声波
高频、地电波
特高频、地电波
较早的移动通信主要使用频段
高频，甚高频
甚高频，特高频
低频，高频
中高频，特高频
下面的频谱与理想的白噪声频谱相同
低频噪声
高频噪声
随机噪声
ζ函数
特高频局部放电带电检测中现场的干扰根据其时域特征的不同可分为
白噪声干扰
谐波干扰
窄带周期性干扰
脉冲型干扰
特高频检测常见的干扰信号主要由
雷达噪声
移动电话噪声
荧光噪声
马达噪声
较早的移动通信主要使用频段
高频，甚高频
甚高频，特高频
低频，高频
中高频，特高频
在一次噪声测量中用ABC网络测出噪声的声级值分别为LALBLC若LC＞LB＞LA则表明噪声集中在
超高频段
高频段
中频段
低频段
生产性噪声中噪声占比例最大
低频
中频
中高频
高频
在实际工作中低频噪声比高频噪声容易治理
某个噪声的总声压级比A声级大得多说明此噪声是特性
低频
中频
中高频
高频
生产性噪声中噪声占比例最大
低频
中频
中高频
高频
噪声分为低频噪声和高频噪声声两种来自电源线
高频噪声选择阻性消声器中低频噪声选用
噪声频率大于800Hz者称为
脉冲性噪声
连续性噪声
稳态噪声
非稳态噪声
高频噪声
外部噪声包括
太阳噪声
接收机噪声
高频电器噪声
电力线噪声
高频噪声
双原子气体噪声特点是以高频率噪声为主
特高频背景噪声测试时应将仪器调到量程测量空间背景噪声值并记 录
最小
中间
最大
不用调
150MKZ无线频段范围属于.
特高频
甚高频
高频
下列说法正确的是
特高频局放检测技术可用于电缆的带电检测
特高频局放检测技术可用于任意类型GIS局放的检测
特高频法局部放电检测不可用于__电缆、电缆本体的带电检测
特高频局部放电检测中的同步信号通常是指同时发生的局部放电信号
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Freedomisoneofthemostdifficultthingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwantsfreedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnotwantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheirfreedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.Itiseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmanymeaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilitytochooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsareconcernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwiththeirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumablyaregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalledmoralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannotignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywedo.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsasmorecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldtheycannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheirhabit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhichfreedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalizethatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproductofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedomisanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomisahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandthereinlieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusioninmanycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforanyillsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainlyraisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivillibertiesforsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.HowstrongistheargumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoesknowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictorenlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwasrightonewoulddowhatwasright.MoslemsmaintainthatitisthewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformtoit.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemofpredestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoesthatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedbyphilosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainstfreedom;allexperienceisforit./ThephrasefreeoftheirfreedomLine3Paragraph1canbeparaphrasedas______
Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnotimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentinpronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatronagreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfiredseveraltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithitafauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththetermanexceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.SotoothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople.Wecaninferfromthetextthattheauthordescribethewordsubtletywith______
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes.
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 2
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 18
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.Whichofthefollowingisthemostresultofwinnersoftheelection
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 10
AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.ByintroducingthecaseofJonesTheauthorwantsto______
IN2005Congressconsideredanemergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingandAsiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemightyconfidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops.Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespendingbill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordrivinglicences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicencesincludedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadabletechnology.AstatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingforlicencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswouldbeacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtoflycommerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwouldendupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theideawastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainlymakelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHSreckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwithindividualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederalgovernmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Criticsalsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcardsandwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.ImmigrationadvocatessaythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfromasecuritystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthatmeettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightproveirresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms.OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.ItslegislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwithnearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozenotherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeitoutright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesforimplementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.Theguidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygivenoquarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdealwithprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociationpromptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecosttostates.FromthetextwecanconcludethatmanystatesopposetheActmainlybecause______
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 12
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 44
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 8
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 4
Freedomisoneofthemostdifficultthingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwantsfreedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnotwantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheirfreedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.Itiseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmanymeaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilitytochooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsareconcernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwiththeirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumablyaregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalledmoralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannotignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywedo.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsasmorecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldtheycannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheirhabit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhichfreedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalizethatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproductofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedomisanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomisahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandthereinlieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusioninmanycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforanyillsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainlyraisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivillibertiesforsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.HowstrongistheargumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoesknowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictorenlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwasrightonewoulddowhatwasright.MoslemsmaintainthatitisthewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformtoit.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemofpredestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoesthatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedbyphilosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainstfreedom;allexperienceisforit./whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext
Directions:Thereiscontroversyoverthegoodandbadsidesofbeinganonlychildinthefamily.Somebelievethatgrowingupinafamilywithseveralbrothersorsistersoffersmoreadvantagesthandisadvantageswhileothersarguethatbeinganonlychildismoreadvantageous.Thisisaninterestingtopicworthdiscussion.WhatisyourpointofviewYouaregoingtowriteanessaytoofferyouropinionaboutit.Inyouressayyoushould1stateclearlyyourpointofview2supportyourviewwithexampleorexamples3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressayand4remembertosupplyanappropriatetitletoyouressay.Youshouldwrite160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 16
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Itisbetterforinsurancecompaniestocoverthecostoflong-termtherapybecause
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./TheunderlinedwordbipolarLine2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans______
IN2005Congressconsideredanemergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingandAsiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemightyconfidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops.Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespendingbill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordrivinglicences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicencesincludedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadabletechnology.AstatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingforlicencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswouldbeacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtoflycommerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwouldendupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theideawastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainlymakelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHSreckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwithindividualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederalgovernmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Criticsalsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcardsandwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.ImmigrationadvocatessaythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfromasecuritystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthatmeettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightproveirresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms.OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.ItslegislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwithnearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozenotherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeitoutright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesforimplementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.Theguidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygivenoquarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdealwithprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociationpromptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecosttostates.AccordingtothetextthedrivinglicensesrequiredintheRealIDActshould______
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 14
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.WhatisthebestdescriptionoftheschoolsinSt.Louis
Freedomisoneofthemostdifficultthingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwantsfreedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnotwantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheirfreedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.Itiseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmanymeaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilitytochooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsareconcernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwiththeirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumablyaregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalledmoralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannotignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywedo.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsasmorecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldtheycannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheirhabit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhichfreedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalizethatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproductofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedomisanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomisahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandthereinlieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusioninmanycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforanyillsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainlyraisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivillibertiesforsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.HowstrongistheargumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoesknowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictorenlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwasrightonewoulddowhatwasright.MoslemsmaintainthatitisthewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformtoit.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemofpredestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoesthatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedbyphilosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainstfreedom;allexperienceisforit./Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheprimaryfreedomis______
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Whatistheimageofundocumentedimmigrantsintheauthor’sopinion
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 6
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Themostprevailingtypesofpsychotherapydon’tinclude______
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 42
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Intheauthor’sopinionwhydoundocumentedimmigrantsstraggleforlife
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 20
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent.
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