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Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 44
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Whatisastrangephenomenonnowadaysintheeyesoftheauthor
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Inhumanhistorypeople’sviewsonbodyweight
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.WhatisthebeliefofTreasurySecretary
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.WhatisthepositionoftheheadofhumanresourcemanagementinanAmericanfn-m
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Accordingtothetextthedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.TowardthefateofWal-Martthewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenabsorbedintheideaofthinness
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.10
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.8
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.2
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 42
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutWal-Mart’sdecisionofbuildingastore
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.TheopeningofWal-Martcausedstirbecause
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.12
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious.
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat
[A]Howtounderstandgenerosity [B]Onewayistosticktoyourwords [C]Thetrueessenceofgenerosity [D]Beinggenerousneedsthoughts [E]Neverusegenerosityasadisguise [F]Smallthingsreflectmore Theword"gift"hasgotdangerouslydevaluedoflate.Salesmenuseso-calledfreegiftsasbaitandpublicistsusethemasbribes;thewealthycanmake"gifts"totheirchildrenortocharitieswithnomorenoblemotivethansavingtax. 41.________________________ WeneedtoclaimthewordbackthisChristmas.Wealsoneedtoclaimbacktheword"generous":whichtoooftengetsusedinthesensesofover-largeportionsoffoodhoteltowelsthesizeofsheetsorwomenspillingoutoftheirdresses.Forgenerosity--theabilitytomakerealgiftswithmodestyandloveexpectingnothingback--isoneofthethingswhichmostmakeushuman.YoudonotfindpigsorlionsgivingoneanotherthoughtfullittlepresentsdoyouMonkeysapparentlyofferoneanotherfleasattimesbutnotinanyprovablespiritofkindliness.Weshouldhonorgenerositymorethanwedo. 42.__________________ Perhapsithasbecomesuspectbecauseofthetalesofover-the-topgenerositysometimestoldingossipabouttheveryrich.ThelateChristinaOnassisgivingherdaughterapersonalzooandaflockofsheepwiththeirownshepherdforinstance;assortedtycoonsflyingtheirguestshalfwayroundtheworldforbirthdaypartieswherethereisanemeraldbraceletorcufflinksoneveryplace-setting.Inthiscontextgenerosityhascometomeanthatyouhurlmoneyaroundlikeadrunkensailor.Andthereisalwaysthesuspicionthatlikethesailoryouaredoingitjusttoprovethatyoucanaffordit.Thatisnotgiving:thatisshowingoff. 43.__________________ Buttherealthingwhenyoumeetitismagicalandasaqualityitbelongsequallytorichandpoor.Sometimesthepoor--likethewidowintheBiblewhogavehermite--arebestatit.TravelersinremotepartsfromPolandtoPerucomehomewithstoriesofbreadshelterevenbedssharedwithoutquestionwiththestrangeronthepeasantprinciplethat"AguestinthehouseisGodinthehouse".NearerhomeIlovedthestoriescollectedinmemoryofKatieSullivanthe23-year-oldmentalhomecare;assistantwhowasmurderedlastyear.Particularlytheoneaboutthedayshewaswalkingtothepubandlaggedbehindandherstudentfriendscaughtaglimpseofheremptyingherwholepurseintoatramp’shandswhenshethoughttheyweren’tlooking.Laterinthepubtheyteasedheraboutnotdrinkingtryingtomakeheradmitwhatshehaddone;butshesteadfastlypretendedshedidn’twantadrink. 44.__________________ Tactisthekeytorealgenerosity:tactandrealthoughtforthepersonyouaregivingthepresentto.Youcanbuyanyoneapicturebyafashionableandexpensiveartistifyoucanaffordit;butitmightbekindertospendatenthoftheamount--andabitoftroubleongettingtheframedoriginalofacartoonyouknowhascheeredthemupatabadtime.Anyonecanbuyamanagoldwatch;butittakesagenerouswifetodowhatonelatelydidandtrackdownanantiquegoldstrapwhichpreciselyfitstheoldoneheinheritedfromhisbelovedfather. 45.__________________ IntheAgathaChristienovelTheHollowHenriettadisplaysremarkablekindnesstowardsashyunintellectualwomanwhoisn’tfittingintoasparklinghouseparty.Gretaiswearingadreadfulcardigansheknittedherself;Henriettanotonlypraisesitbutasksforthepattern.HavinggotthepatternmoreoversheheroicallyknitsthedreadfulthingandwearsitherselfnexttimeshemeetsGreta.ThatiswhatIcallfollow-through.Soistheweddingpresentafriendgotfromabrokebutdomesticsister-in-law:shepromisedtobakeheraloafofspecialdeliciouswholemealbreadeveryweekforthefirstyearofhermarriageanddidso. 42
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.14
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.4
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.6
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.20
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapeinparagraph3
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone.
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.16
1describethesetofdrawingsinterpretitsmeaningand 2pointoutitsimplicationsinlife 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETII.
[A]Howtounderstandgenerosity [B]Onewayistosticktoyourwords [C]Thetrueessenceofgenerosity [D]Beinggenerousneedsthoughts [E]Neverusegenerosityasadisguise [F]Smallthingsreflectmore Theword"gift"hasgotdangerouslydevaluedoflate.Salesmenuseso-calledfreegiftsasbaitandpublicistsusethemasbribes;thewealthycanmake"gifts"totheirchildrenortocharitieswithnomorenoblemotivethansavingtax. 41.________________________ WeneedtoclaimthewordbackthisChristmas.Wealsoneedtoclaimbacktheword"generous":whichtoooftengetsusedinthesensesofover-largeportionsoffoodhoteltowelsthesizeofsheetsorwomenspillingoutoftheirdresses.Forgenerosity--theabilitytomakerealgiftswithmodestyandloveexpectingnothingback--isoneofthethingswhichmostmakeushuman.YoudonotfindpigsorlionsgivingoneanotherthoughtfullittlepresentsdoyouMonkeysapparentlyofferoneanotherfleasattimesbutnotinanyprovablespiritofkindliness.Weshouldhonorgenerositymorethanwedo. 42.__________________ Perhapsithasbecomesuspectbecauseofthetalesofover-the-topgenerositysometimestoldingossipabouttheveryrich.ThelateChristinaOnassisgivingherdaughterapersonalzooandaflockofsheepwiththeirownshepherdforinstance;assortedtycoonsflyingtheirguestshalfwayroundtheworldforbirthdaypartieswherethereisanemeraldbraceletorcufflinksoneveryplace-setting.Inthiscontextgenerosityhascometomeanthatyouhurlmoneyaroundlikeadrunkensailor.Andthereisalwaysthesuspicionthatlikethesailoryouaredoingitjusttoprovethatyoucanaffordit.Thatisnotgiving:thatisshowingoff. 43.__________________ Buttherealthingwhenyoumeetitismagicalandasaqualityitbelongsequallytorichandpoor.Sometimesthepoor--likethewidowintheBiblewhogavehermite--arebestatit.TravelersinremotepartsfromPolandtoPerucomehomewithstoriesofbreadshelterevenbedssharedwithoutquestionwiththestrangeronthepeasantprinciplethat"AguestinthehouseisGodinthehouse".NearerhomeIlovedthestoriescollectedinmemoryofKatieSullivanthe23-year-oldmentalhomecare;assistantwhowasmurderedlastyear.Particularlytheoneaboutthedayshewaswalkingtothepubandlaggedbehindandherstudentfriendscaughtaglimpseofheremptyingherwholepurseintoatramp’shandswhenshethoughttheyweren’tlooking.Laterinthepubtheyteasedheraboutnotdrinkingtryingtomakeheradmitwhatshehaddone;butshesteadfastlypretendedshedidn’twantadrink. 44.__________________ Tactisthekeytorealgenerosity:tactandrealthoughtforthepersonyouaregivingthepresentto.Youcanbuyanyoneapicturebyafashionableandexpensiveartistifyoucanaffordit;butitmightbekindertospendatenthoftheamount--andabitoftroubleongettingtheframedoriginalofacartoonyouknowhascheeredthemupatabadtime.Anyonecanbuyamanagoldwatch;butittakesagenerouswifetodowhatonelatelydidandtrackdownanantiquegoldstrapwhichpreciselyfitstheoldoneheinheritedfromhisbelovedfather. 45.__________________ IntheAgathaChristienovelTheHollowHenriettadisplaysremarkablekindnesstowardsashyunintellectualwomanwhoisn’tfittingintoasparklinghouseparty.Gretaiswearingadreadfulcardigansheknittedherself;Henriettanotonlypraisesitbutasksforthepattern.HavinggotthepatternmoreoversheheroicallyknitsthedreadfulthingandwearsitherselfnexttimeshemeetsGreta.ThatiswhatIcallfollow-through.Soistheweddingpresentafriendgotfromabrokebutdomesticsister-in-law:shepromisedtobakeheraloafofspecialdeliciouswholemealbreadeveryweekforthefirstyearofhermarriageanddidso. 44
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.18
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