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[A] Dr Daniel Stanley, an oceanographer, has found volcanic shards in Egypt that he believes are ...
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[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 45
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 13
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 5
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 19
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 41
OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest--butmostvariable--consumermarkets.MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy--orrunfortheexits.ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers--whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical.ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapanStandard&Poor’ssaidinaMar.18report.MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures.We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricingsaysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes.Theclockisticking.Wal-MartexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthstostudythedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand--whoknows--itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S.AsmentionedinthetextJapaneseconsumersaregenerally
OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest--butmostvariable--consumermarkets.MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy--orrunfortheexits.ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers--whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical.ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapanStandard&Poor’ssaidinaMar.18report.MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures.We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricingsaysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes.Theclockisticking.Wal-MartexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthstostudythedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand--whoknows--itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that
Directions:YouareacollegestudentintheEnglishDepartment.Recentlyyouhavebeenmademonitorinyourclassandyouaregoingtomakeaspeechinfrontofyourclassmates.You’llmakepreparationsforthespeechinwhichyoushould1expressyourpleasure2statebrieflyyourmoves3andgivecomplimentaryremarks.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 7
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 17
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 15
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 41
ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingtandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompaniesBigSteelhavereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years.Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection...ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilitytolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup.Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales.TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen.InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.AfteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthingWhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofU.S.BigSteelaspointedoutinthetext
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 3
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions.ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution.Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures.ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation.Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions.ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution.Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures.TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 43
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 11
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 1
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterforhis
ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingtandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompaniesBigSteelhavereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years.Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection...ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilitytolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup.Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales.TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen.InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.AfteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthingAccordingtoAnneKruegerlong-termgovernmentprotectiongiventosteelcompanies
PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranasareformerwithresult.ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact.Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery.AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill.Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistakesaysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.Whattheauthorwantstosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranasareformerwithresult.ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact.Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery.AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill.Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistakesaysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’stransAppalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. 9
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 43
ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingtandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompaniesBigSteelhavereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years.Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection...ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilitytolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup.Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales.TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen.InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.AfteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthingTheauthor’sattitudetowardsthemeasureadoptedbythePresidentseemstobethatof
PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranasareformerwithresult.ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact.Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery.AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill.Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistakesaysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.ItseemsthatthePresidentinfaceofthepresentsituation
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