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A if the Gardeners’ argument was sound B because she was cleverer than other chimps C when she wan...
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MarvelousMetamaterialsInvisibilitycloakswouldhaveremainedimpossibleforeverlockedinsciencefictionhaditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials.InGreekmetameansbeyondandmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld-likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobjectandthenbring’thembacktogether.Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull-fledgedinvisibilitycloakitwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials.Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon’texistinnatureandthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn’texistinnaturesaysengineerDentchoGenov.Thatisthemostexcitingthing.GenovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterialssuchasthoseusedincloakingatLouisianaTechUniversityinRustonLouisiana.Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials.Otherapplicationsarejustasexciting.Inmanylabsforexamplescientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens.Alensisadeviceusuallymadeofglassthatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves.Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslightthusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway.Ahyperlenshoweverwouldbemadeofmetamaterials.Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan’tthehyperlenswouldbeapowerfultoo1.Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginableassmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight.Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination.Ifsomeonecanthinkofanideaforanewbehaviorforfightthentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials.Weneedpeoplewhocanimaginehesays.Since2006manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon’tinvolvejustvisiblelight.Infactscientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials.AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpainJoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacousticsorthescienceofsound.Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflightanacousticcloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat’snotfoundinnature.Inanorchestrahallforexampleanacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwavessosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudiencewithoutdistortion.Sanchez-Dehesaanengineerrecentlyshowedthatit’spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloakthoughhedoubtswe’llseeoneanytimesoon.Inprincipleitispossiblehesaysbutitmightbeimpossibletomakeone.headds.Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigsasprotectionfromtsunamis.Atsunamiisagiantdestructivewave.Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorislandandthewavewouldresumeitsenergyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm.ScientistsatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciatrytoinvent______.
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HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
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WhoDoesn’tLettheDogsBarkForthepastyearCorneliaCzarneckisaidthebarkingofherneighbor’sGermanshepherdhasawakenedherrepeatedlyat4am.ThedogoftenbarksforhoursatatimesaidMrs.CzarneckiaCliftonresident.Thatdogisouttherebarkingdayandnightandwedon’tknow.whattodoanymoreshesaid.Mrs.Czarneckibecamesoupsetaboutthedogthatshefiledamunicipalcomplaintagainsthimunderthetown’sgeneralnoiseordinance.ThecaseissettobeheardinmunicipalcourtonAugust6.ComplaintsliketheonesMrs.CzarneckilodgedwiththepoliceandcityofficialsledtheCliftonCityCounciltodraftanordinancethatcouldresultinfinesforresidentswhosedogsarebarkinghowlingcryingormakinganyotherloudnoisesformorethan30minutesinanhour.Ican’twaitMrs.Czarneckisaid.ThecounciltookuptheordinanceforafirstreadingonTuesday;afinalvoteisscheduledonAugust8.It’saqualityoflifeissuesaidCouncilmanFrankCFuscowhointroducedthemeasure.Cliftonisfarfromaloneinseekingtosilencenoisydogs.Atleast144ofNewJersey’smunicipalitieshavelawsthataddresswhiningandbarkingaccordingtoamunicipalordinancedatabaseonlineatwww.generalcode.com.InNewYorkatleast30townsinNassauandSuffolkCountieshavesimilarlawsasdoabout25townsinWestchesterCounty.Connecticuthasastatewidelawbarringdogsthatareanuisancebecauseofexcessivebarkingorotherdisturbance.Manyoftheordinancesintheregionaregeneralprohibitionsagainstexcessivewhiningorbarking.InWestchestertheCityofNewRochelleranintotroublewithitslawin1997afteraresidentchallengedacitation.Acityjudgeruledthattheordinancewasunconstitutionallyvaguebecauseitdidnotincludedetailsabouttimeofdayanddurationofbarkingandthecitychangedthelawin1998.Manyoftheseordinancesgobacktothe1800ssaidtheNewRochellecorporationcounselBernisShapiro.They’rejustcarriedforwardandtheydon’tgetchangeduntilanissuecomesup.InMay2006HillsboroughTownshipinSomersetCountypassedanordinancetospecificallyaddressbarkingbutnocomplaintshavebeenfiledsincethensaidLt.BillGearyoftheHillsboroughPoliceDepartment.OtherNewJerseytownsincludingBloomsburyinHunterdonCountyandManvilleinSomersetconsideredsuchordinancesbutwithdrewthemafterresidentscomplainedthattheywouldbeunenforceable.AsforthosewhocontendthatabarkingdogshouldbealowpriorityCouncilmanFuscosaidIfthedogwasnexttoyourhouseyou’dsingadifferentsong.Mr.FuscosaidhewasconfidentthattheordinanceproposedinCliftonwouldbesupportedbyhisfellowcouncilmembers.Atthesametimeheknowsthatsomeresidentsmayobject.ButDavidAxelrodagroomeratFurrsNPurrsonValleyRoadsaidhedidnotthinkthemeasurewastoughenough.Thirtyminutesisextremelygeneroushesaid.Thereisnoreasonwhyadogshouldbebarkingthatlong.Theordinancesaysbarkingmustbesustainedtobeillegalanditbansexcessivebarkingonlyfrom10pmto7am.UndertheordinancearesidentcomplainstotheCityHealthDepartmentwhichsendsawarningnote.Ifthebarkingcontinuestheresidenttakesthecomplainttomunicipalcourtwherefinescanstartat$250.BeforeacourtdatethecitywouldmostlikelytrytoresolvethematterthroughmediationsaidthecityattorneyMatthewT.Priore.LastyearaboutadozenwarninglettersweresenttoresidentsabouttheirbarkingdogsCliftonofficialssaid.Currentlyresidentscancomplainaboutbarkingunderthecity’sgeneralnoiseordinancebuttheyhavetoessentiallyprosecutethecaseinmunicipalcourtthemselvesMr.Fuscosaid.Undertheproposedordinanceresidentswouldappearasawitnessinacasepresentedbythemunicipalprosecutor.ThenewordinancehassomebitetoitMr.Fuscosaid.EricM.ZwerlingdirectoroftheRutgersUniversityNoiseTechnicalAssistanceCentertrainspoliceofficersonnoisecomplaintsandwritesmunicipalnoisecodes.OneofthethingsIsaytotheofficersItrainisthatifpeoplewerefundamentallyciviltoeachotherwe’dallbeoutofworkhesaid.Mr.ZwerlingtheownerofachocolateLabradornamedBoscosaidhehadhisownappreciationofthebarkingproblem.Adogisbarkingforoneoftworeasons--eitheritneedsattentionoritistryingtoalertyoutosomethinghesaid.Ineithercaseyoushouldbeattendingtoit./WhichofthefollowingstatementsisMr.Zwerling’sownappreciationofthebarkingproblem
WhoDoesn’tLettheDogsBarkForthepastyearCorneliaCzarneckisaidthebarkingofherneighbor’sGermanshepherdhasawakenedherrepeatedlyat4am.ThedogoftenbarksforhoursatatimesaidMrs.CzarneckiaCliftonresident.Thatdogisouttherebarkingdayandnightandwedon’tknow.whattodoanymoreshesaid.Mrs.Czarneckibecamesoupsetaboutthedogthatshefiledamunicipalcomplaintagainsthimunderthetown’sgeneralnoiseordinance.ThecaseissettobeheardinmunicipalcourtonAugust6.ComplaintsliketheonesMrs.CzarneckilodgedwiththepoliceandcityofficialsledtheCliftonCityCounciltodraftanordinancethatcouldresultinfinesforresidentswhosedogsarebarkinghowlingcryingormakinganyotherloudnoisesformorethan30minutesinanhour.Ican’twaitMrs.Czarneckisaid.ThecounciltookuptheordinanceforafirstreadingonTuesday;afinalvoteisscheduledonAugust8.It’saqualityoflifeissuesaidCouncilmanFrankCFuscowhointroducedthemeasure.Cliftonisfarfromaloneinseekingtosilencenoisydogs.Atleast144ofNewJersey’smunicipalitieshavelawsthataddresswhiningandbarkingaccordingtoamunicipalordinancedatabaseonlineatwww.generalcode.com.InNewYorkatleast30townsinNassauandSuffolkCountieshavesimilarlawsasdoabout25townsinWestchesterCounty.Connecticuthasastatewidelawbarringdogsthatareanuisancebecauseofexcessivebarkingorotherdisturbance.Manyoftheordinancesintheregionaregeneralprohibitionsagainstexcessivewhiningorbarking.InWestchestertheCityofNewRochelleranintotroublewithitslawin1997afteraresidentchallengedacitation.Acityjudgeruledthattheordinancewasunconstitutionallyvaguebecauseitdidnotincludedetailsabouttimeofdayanddurationofbarkingandthecitychangedthelawin1998.Manyoftheseordinancesgobacktothe1800ssaidtheNewRochellecorporationcounselBernisShapiro.They’rejustcarriedforwardandtheydon’tgetchangeduntilanissuecomesup.InMay2006HillsboroughTownshipinSomersetCountypassedanordinancetospecificallyaddressbarkingbutnocomplaintshavebeenfiledsincethensaidLt.BillGearyoftheHillsboroughPoliceDepartment.OtherNewJerseytownsincludingBloomsburyinHunterdonCountyandManvilleinSomersetconsideredsuchordinancesbutwithdrewthemafterresidentscomplainedthattheywouldbeunenforceable.AsforthosewhocontendthatabarkingdogshouldbealowpriorityCouncilmanFuscosaidIfthedogwasnexttoyourhouseyou’dsingadifferentsong.Mr.FuscosaidhewasconfidentthattheordinanceproposedinCliftonwouldbesupportedbyhisfellowcouncilmembers.Atthesametimeheknowsthatsomeresidentsmayobject.ButDavidAxelrodagroomeratFurrsNPurrsonValleyRoadsaidhedidnotthinkthemeasurewastoughenough.Thirtyminutesisextremelygeneroushesaid.Thereisnoreasonwhyadogshouldbebarkingthatlong.Theordinancesaysbarkingmustbesustainedtobeillegalanditbansexcessivebarkingonlyfrom10pmto7am.UndertheordinancearesidentcomplainstotheCityHealthDepartmentwhichsendsawarningnote.Ifthebarkingcontinuestheresidenttakesthecomplainttomunicipalcourtwherefinescanstartat$250.BeforeacourtdatethecitywouldmostlikelytrytoresolvethematterthroughmediationsaidthecityattorneyMatthewT.Priore.LastyearaboutadozenwarninglettersweresenttoresidentsabouttheirbarkingdogsCliftonofficialssaid.Currentlyresidentscancomplainaboutbarkingunderthecity’sgeneralnoiseordinancebuttheyhavetoessentiallyprosecutethecaseinmunicipalcourtthemselvesMr.Fuscosaid.Undertheproposedordinanceresidentswouldappearasawitnessinacasepresentedbythemunicipalprosecutor.ThenewordinancehassomebitetoitMr.Fuscosaid.EricM.ZwerlingdirectoroftheRutgersUniversityNoiseTechnicalAssistanceCentertrainspoliceofficersonnoisecomplaintsandwritesmunicipalnoisecodes.OneofthethingsIsaytotheofficersItrainisthatifpeoplewerefundamentallyciviltoeachotherwe’dallbeoutofworkhesaid.Mr.ZwerlingtheownerofachocolateLabradornamedBoscosaidhehadhisownappreciationofthebarkingproblem.Adogisbarkingforoneoftworeasons--eitheritneedsattentionoritistryingtoalertyoutosomethinghesaid.Ineithercaseyoushouldbeattendingtoit./Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
IKnowJustHowYouFeelDoyoufeelsadHappyAngryYoumaythinkthatthewayyoushowtheseemotionsisunique.Wellthinkagain.EventheexpressionofthemostpersonalfeelingscanbeclassifiedaccordingtoMindReadinggameaDVDdisplayingeverypossiblehumanemotion.Itdemonstrates412distinctwaysinwhichwefeelthefirstvisualdictionaryofthehumanheart.Attemptstoclassifyexpressionsbeganinthemid-1800swhenDarwindividedtheemotionsintosixtypes-angerfearsadnessdisgustsurpriseandenjoyment.46.EveryotherfeelingwasthoughttoderivefromDarwin’ssmallgroup.Morecomplexexpressionsofemotionswereprobablylearnedandthereforemorespecifictoeachculture.Butnowitisbelievedthatmanymorefacialexpressionsaresharedworldwide.47.TheMindReadingDVDisasystematicvisualrecordoftheseexpressions.TheprojectwasconceivedbyaCambridgeprofessorasanaidforpeoplewithautism孤独whohavedifficultybothreadingandexpressingemotions.Butitquicklybecameapparentthatithadbroaderuses.Actorsandteachersforexampleneedtounderstandawiderangeofexpressions.Theprofessorandhisresearchteamfirsthadtodefineanemotion48.Usingthisdefinition1512emotiontermswereidentifiedanddiscussed.Thislistwaseventuallyreducedto412fromafraidtowanting.OncetheseemotionsweredefinedandclassifiedaDVDseemedtheclearestandmostefficientwaytodisplaythem.InMindReadingeachexpressionisactedoutbysixdifferentactorsinthreeseconds.49.Theexplanationforthisissimple:wemayfinditdifficulttodescribeemotionsusingwordsbutweinstantlyrecognizeonewhenweseeitonsomeone’sface.ItwasreallyclearwhentheactorshadgotitrightsaysCathyColliswhodirectedtheDVDAlthoughtheyweregivensomedirectionsaysMsCollistheactorswerenottoldwhichfacialmusclestheyshouldmove.50.Forexamplewhensomeonefeelcontemptyoucan’tsayforcertainthattheireyebrowsalwaysgodown.SomeonewhohastriedtoestablishsuchrulesistheAmericanProfessorPaulEkmanwhohasbuiltadatabaseofhowthefacemovesforeveryemotion.Thefacecanmake43distinctmusclemovementscalledactionunits.Thesecanbecombinedintomorethan10000visiblefacialshapes.Ekmanhaswrittenoutapatternoffacialmuscularmovementstorepresenteachemotion.A.Hesaidthatthisexpressionoffeelingisuniversalandrecognizablebyanyonefromanyculture.B.Anyothermethodofshowingthe412emotionswouldhavebeenfarlesseffective.C.Researchhasalsobeendonetofindoutwhichareaofbrainreadtheemotionalexpressions.D.Theseparticularmusclesaredifficulttocontrolandfewpeoplecandoit.E.TheydecidedthatitwasamentalstatethatcouldbeprecededbyIfeelhelooksorshesounds.F.Wethoughtoftryingtodescribeeachemotionbutitwouldhavebeenalmostimpossibletomakeclearrulesofthis.
AHealthProfileAhealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill51whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto52workhowyourdaily53comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou54exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage55howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand56ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.57thisportraityourshouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve58abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.59thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased60yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress61areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed62losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjobgivingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome63tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois64excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill65himinthefuture.
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IKnowJustHowYouFeelDoyoufeelsadHappyAngryYoumaythinkthatthewayyoushowtheseemotionsisunique.Wellthinkagain.EventheexpressionofthemostpersonalfeelingscanbeclassifiedaccordingtoMindReadinggameaDVDdisplayingeverypossiblehumanemotion.Itdemonstrates412distinctwaysinwhichwefeelthefirstvisualdictionaryofthehumanheart.Attemptstoclassifyexpressionsbeganinthemid-1800swhenDarwindividedtheemotionsintosixtypes-angerfearsadnessdisgustsurpriseandenjoyment.46.EveryotherfeelingwasthoughttoderivefromDarwin’ssmallgroup.Morecomplexexpressionsofemotionswereprobablylearnedandthereforemorespecifictoeachculture.Butnowitisbelievedthatmanymorefacialexpressionsaresharedworldwide.47.TheMindReadingDVDisasystematicvisualrecordoftheseexpressions.TheprojectwasconceivedbyaCambridgeprofessorasanaidforpeoplewithautism孤独whohavedifficultybothreadingandexpressingemotions.Butitquicklybecameapparentthatithadbroaderuses.Actorsandteachersforexampleneedtounderstandawiderangeofexpressions.Theprofessorandhisresearchteamfirsthadtodefineanemotion48.Usingthisdefinition1512emotiontermswereidentifiedanddiscussed.Thislistwaseventuallyreducedto412fromafraidtowanting.OncetheseemotionsweredefinedandclassifiedaDVDseemedtheclearestandmostefficientwaytodisplaythem.InMindReadingeachexpressionisactedoutbysixdifferentactorsinthreeseconds.49.Theexplanationforthisissimple:wemayfinditdifficulttodescribeemotionsusingwordsbutweinstantlyrecognizeonewhenweseeitonsomeone’sface.ItwasreallyclearwhentheactorshadgotitrightsaysCathyColliswhodirectedtheDVDAlthoughtheyweregivensomedirectionsaysMsCollistheactorswerenottoldwhichfacialmusclestheyshouldmove.50.Forexamplewhensomeonefeelcontemptyoucan’tsayforcertainthattheireyebrowsalwaysgodown.SomeonewhohastriedtoestablishsuchrulesistheAmericanProfessorPaulEkmanwhohasbuiltadatabaseofhowthefacemovesforeveryemotion.Thefacecanmake43distinctmusclemovementscalledactionunits.Thesecanbecombinedintomorethan10000visiblefacialshapes.Ekmanhaswrittenoutapatternoffacialmuscularmovementstorepresenteachemotion.A.Hesaidthatthisexpressionoffeelingisuniversalandrecognizablebyanyonefromanyculture.B.Anyothermethodofshowingthe412emotionswouldhavebeenfarlesseffective.C.Researchhasalsobeendonetofindoutwhichareaofbrainreadtheemotionalexpressions.D.Theseparticularmusclesaredifficulttocontrolandfewpeoplecandoit.E.TheydecidedthatitwasamentalstatethatcouldbeprecededbyIfeelhelooksorshesounds.F.Wethoughtoftryingtodescribeeachemotionbutitwouldhavebeenalmostimpossibletomakeclearrulesofthis.
Maryhasblendedtheingredients.
HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
WhoWantstoLiveForeverIfyourdoctorcouldgiveyouadrugthatwouldletyouliveahealthylifefortwiceaslongwouldyoutakeitThegoodnewsisthatwemaybedrawingneartothatdate.Scientistshavealreadyextendedthelivesofflieswormsandmiceinlaboratories.Manynowthinkthatusinggenetictreatmentswewillsoonbeabletoextendhumanlifetoatleast140years.Thisseemsagreatidea.Thinkofhowmuchmoretimewecouldspendchasingourdreamsspendingtimewithourlovedoneswatchingourfamiliesgrowandhavefamiliesoftheirown.LongerlifewouldgiveusachancetorecoverfromourmistakesandpromotelongtermthinkingsaysDr.GregoryStockoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSchoolofPublicHealth.Itwouldalsoraiseproductivitybyaddingtotheyearwecanwork.Longerlivesdon’tjustaffectthepeoplewholivethem.Theyalsoaffectsocietyasawhole.WehavewarpovertyallsortsofissuesaroundandIdon’tthinkanyofthemwouldbeatallhelpedbyhavingpeoplelivelongersaysUSbioethicistDanielCallahan.Thequestionis’Whatwillwegetasasociety’Isuspectitwon’tbeabettersociety.Itwouldcertainlybeaverydifferentsociety.Peoplearealreadyfindingitmoredifficulttostaymarried.Divorceratesarerising.Whatwouldhappentomarriageinasocietywherepeoplelivedfor140yearsAndwhatwouldhappentofamilylifeifnineor10generationsofthesamefamilywereallaliveatthesametimeResearchintoageingmayenablewomentoremainfertileforlonger.Andthatraisestheprospectofhaving100-year-oldparentsorbrothersandsistersborn50yearsapart.Wethinkofaneldersiblingassomeonewhocanprotectusandofferhelpandadvice.Thatwouldbehardtodoifthatsiblingcamefromacompletelydifferentgeneration.Workinglifewouldalsobeaffectedespeciallyiftheretirementagewaslifted.Morepeoplewouldstayinworkforlonger.Thatwouldgiveusthebenefitsofageskillwisdomandgoodjudgment.Ontheotherhandmorepeopleworkingforlongerwouldcreategreatercompetitionforjobs.Itwouldmakeitmoredifficultforyoungerpeopletofindajob.Toppostswouldbedominatedbythesamefewindividualsmakingcareerprogressmoredifficult.Andhoweasilywoulda25-year-oldemployeebeabletocommunicatewitha125-year-oldbossYoungpeoplewouldbeasmallerpartofasocietyinwhichpeoplelivedto140.Itmaybethatsuchasocietywouldplacelessimportanceonguidingandeducatingyoungpeopleandmoreonmakinglifecomfortablefortheold.Andsocietywouldfeelverydifferentifmoreofitsmemberswereolder.Therewouldbemorewisdombutlessenergy:Youngpeopleliketomoveabout.Oldpeopleliketositstill.Youngpeopletendtoactwithoutthinking.Oldpeopletendtothinkwithoutacting.Youngpeoplearecuriousandliketoexperiencedifferentthings.Oldpeoplearelessenthusiasticaboutchange.Infacttheyarelessenthusiasticabouteverything.Theeffectofanti-ageingtechnologyisdeeperthanwemightthink.Butasthescienceadvancesweneedtothinkaboutthesechangesnow.Ifthiscouldeverhappenthenwe’dbetteraskwhatkindofsocietywewanttogetsaysDanielCallahan.Wehadbetternotgoanywherenearituntilwehavefigurethoseproblemsout./Animportantfeatureofasocietyinwhichpeoplelivealonglifeisthat______.
TheMakingofaSuccessStory1IKEAistheworld’slargestfurnitureretailerandthemanbehinditisIngvarKampradoneoftheworld’smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachildheenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatchesseedsandpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.NaturallyheusedittostartupabusinessIKEA.2IKEA’snamecomesfromKamprad’sinitialsI.K.andtheplacewherehegrewupEandA.Today1KEAisknownforitsmodernminimalistfurniturebutitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.RatherIKEAsoldallkindsofmiscellaneousgoods.Kamprad’swaresincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedpricesincludingwatchespensandstockings.3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad’shome.InitialsaleswereveryencouragingsoKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinessthatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.4In1953IKEAopeneditsfirstshowroominAhnhultSweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettingsbutintheearly1950speopleorderedfromcatalogues.Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletoseeandtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themarthadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.TheproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselvesbutovertimeeventhisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.NowadaysIKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompanyleadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.AmazinglyIngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-heldcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld’srichestman.HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitselfthoughjustkeepsongrowing.AIngvarKamprad--abornbusinessmanBSuccessbroughtbytheintroductionofshowroomsCTheoriginofIKEADSpecializationinsellingfurnitureEFlatpackaging—afeatureofIKEAFWorld-wideexpansionofIKEAParagraph4______
Alotofpeoplecouldfallillafterdrinkingcontaminatedwater.
HerculesOnceuponatimetherewasagreatGreekheroHercules.Hewastallerandstrongerthananyoneyouhaveeverseen.Onhisshoulderhecarriedaclubandinhishandheheldabow.Hewasknownastheheroofahundredadventures.Herculesservedaking.Thekingwasafraidofhim.Soagainandagainhesenthimondifficulttasks.OnemorningthekingsentforhimandtoldhimtofetchthreegoldenapplesforhimfromthegardenoftheSingingMaidens.Butnooneknewwherethegardenwas.SoHerculeswentaway.Hewalkedthewholedayandthenextdayandthenext.Hewalkedformonthsbeforehesawmountainsfarinthedistanceonefinemorning.Oneofthemountainswasintheshapeofamanwithlonglonglegsandarmsandhugeshouldersandahugehead.Hewasholdingupthesky.HerculesknewitwasAtlastheMountainGod.Soheaskedhimforhelp.AtlasansweredMyheadandarmsandshouldersallache.CouldyouholduptheskywhileIfetchthegoldenapplesforyouHerculesclimbedthemountainandshoulderedthesky.Soontheskygrewveryheavy.WhenfinallyAtlascamebackwiththreegoldenappleshesaidWellyouaregoingtocarrythemountainforever.I’mgoingtoseetheKingwiththeapples.Herculesknewthathecouldn’tfighthimbecauseoftheskyonhisback.Soheshouted.Justoneminute’shelp.Myshouldersarehurting.HoldtheskyforaminutewhileImakeacushionformyshoulders.Atlasbelievedhim.Hethrewdowntheapplesandheldupthesky.Herculespickeduptheapplesandranbacktoseetheking.AtlasgotthegoldenapplesforHerculesbecausehewantedtobethekinghimself.
TheMakingofaSuccessStory1IKEAistheworld’slargestfurnitureretailerandthemanbehinditisIngvarKampradoneoftheworld’smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachildheenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatchesseedsandpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.NaturallyheusedittostartupabusinessIKEA.2IKEA’snamecomesfromKamprad’sinitialsI.K.andtheplacewherehegrewupEandA.Today1KEAisknownforitsmodernminimalistfurniturebutitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.RatherIKEAsoldallkindsofmiscellaneousgoods.Kamprad’swaresincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedpricesincludingwatchespensandstockings.3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad’shome.InitialsaleswereveryencouragingsoKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinessthatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.4In1953IKEAopeneditsfirstshowroominAhnhultSweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettingsbutintheearly1950speopleorderedfromcatalogues.Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletoseeandtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themarthadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.TheproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselvesbutovertimeeventhisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.NowadaysIKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompanyleadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.AmazinglyIngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-heldcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld’srichestman.HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitselfthoughjustkeepsongrowing.AIngvarKamprad--abornbusinessmanBSuccessbroughtbytheintroductionofshowroomsCTheoriginofIKEADSpecializationinsellingfurnitureEFlatpackaging—afeatureofIKEAFWorld-wideexpansionofIKEAParagraph2______
HerculesOnceuponatimetherewasagreatGreekheroHercules.Hewastallerandstrongerthananyoneyouhaveeverseen.Onhisshoulderhecarriedaclubandinhishandheheldabow.Hewasknownastheheroofahundredadventures.Herculesservedaking.Thekingwasafraidofhim.Soagainandagainhesenthimondifficulttasks.OnemorningthekingsentforhimandtoldhimtofetchthreegoldenapplesforhimfromthegardenoftheSingingMaidens.Butnooneknewwherethegardenwas.SoHerculeswentaway.Hewalkedthewholedayandthenextdayandthenext.Hewalkedformonthsbeforehesawmountainsfarinthedistanceonefinemorning.Oneofthemountainswasintheshapeofamanwithlonglonglegsandarmsandhugeshouldersandahugehead.Hewasholdingupthesky.HerculesknewitwasAtlastheMountainGod.Soheaskedhimforhelp.AtlasansweredMyheadandarmsandshouldersallache.CouldyouholduptheskywhileIfetchthegoldenapplesforyouHerculesclimbedthemountainandshoulderedthesky.Soontheskygrewveryheavy.WhenfinallyAtlascamebackwiththreegoldenappleshesaidWellyouaregoingtocarrythemountainforever.I’mgoingtoseetheKingwiththeapples.Herculesknewthathecouldn’tfighthimbecauseoftheskyonhisback.Soheshouted.Justoneminute’shelp.Myshouldersarehurting.HoldtheskyforaminutewhileImakeacushionformyshoulders.Atlasbelievedhim.Hethrewdowntheapplesandheldupthesky.Herculespickeduptheapplesandranbacktoseetheking.Atlaswasthegiantwhoheldupthesky.
HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
TheeconomycontinuedtoexhibitsignsofdeclineinSeptember.
Theyagreedtomodifytheirpolicy.
MarvelousMetamaterialsInvisibilitycloakswouldhaveremainedimpossibleforeverlockedinsciencefictionhaditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials.InGreekmetameansbeyondandmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld-likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobjectandthenbring’thembacktogether.Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull-fledgedinvisibilitycloakitwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials.Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon’texistinnatureandthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn’texistinnaturesaysengineerDentchoGenov.Thatisthemostexcitingthing.GenovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterialssuchasthoseusedincloakingatLouisianaTechUniversityinRustonLouisiana.Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials.Otherapplicationsarejustasexciting.Inmanylabsforexamplescientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens.Alensisadeviceusuallymadeofglassthatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves.Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslightthusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway.Ahyperlenshoweverwouldbemadeofmetamaterials.Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan’tthehyperlenswouldbeapowerfultoo1.Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginableassmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight.Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination.Ifsomeonecanthinkofanideaforanewbehaviorforfightthentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials.Weneedpeoplewhocanimaginehesays.Since2006manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon’tinvolvejustvisiblelight.Infactscientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials.AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpainJoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacousticsorthescienceofsound.Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflightanacousticcloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat’snotfoundinnature.Inanorchestrahallforexampleanacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwavessosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudiencewithoutdistortion.Sanchez-Dehesaanengineerrecentlyshowedthatit’spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloakthoughhedoubtswe’llseeoneanytimesoon.Inprincipleitispossiblehesaysbutitmightbeimpossibletomakeone.headds.Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigsasprotectionfromtsunamis.Atsunamiisagiantdestructivewave.Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorislandandthewavewouldresumeitsenergyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm.Whatwaysaresomescientistslookingintotoprotecttheislandandoilrigfromtsunamis
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
WhoDoesn’tLettheDogsBarkForthepastyearCorneliaCzarneckisaidthebarkingofherneighbor’sGermanshepherdhasawakenedherrepeatedlyat4am.ThedogoftenbarksforhoursatatimesaidMrs.CzarneckiaCliftonresident.Thatdogisouttherebarkingdayandnightandwedon’tknow.whattodoanymoreshesaid.Mrs.Czarneckibecamesoupsetaboutthedogthatshefiledamunicipalcomplaintagainsthimunderthetown’sgeneralnoiseordinance.ThecaseissettobeheardinmunicipalcourtonAugust6.ComplaintsliketheonesMrs.CzarneckilodgedwiththepoliceandcityofficialsledtheCliftonCityCounciltodraftanordinancethatcouldresultinfinesforresidentswhosedogsarebarkinghowlingcryingormakinganyotherloudnoisesformorethan30minutesinanhour.Ican’twaitMrs.Czarneckisaid.ThecounciltookuptheordinanceforafirstreadingonTuesday;afinalvoteisscheduledonAugust8.It’saqualityoflifeissuesaidCouncilmanFrankCFuscowhointroducedthemeasure.Cliftonisfarfromaloneinseekingtosilencenoisydogs.Atleast144ofNewJersey’smunicipalitieshavelawsthataddresswhiningandbarkingaccordingtoamunicipalordinancedatabaseonlineatwww.generalcode.com.InNewYorkatleast30townsinNassauandSuffolkCountieshavesimilarlawsasdoabout25townsinWestchesterCounty.Connecticuthasastatewidelawbarringdogsthatareanuisancebecauseofexcessivebarkingorotherdisturbance.Manyoftheordinancesintheregionaregeneralprohibitionsagainstexcessivewhiningorbarking.InWestchestertheCityofNewRochelleranintotroublewithitslawin1997afteraresidentchallengedacitation.Acityjudgeruledthattheordinancewasunconstitutionallyvaguebecauseitdidnotincludedetailsabouttimeofdayanddurationofbarkingandthecitychangedthelawin1998.Manyoftheseordinancesgobacktothe1800ssaidtheNewRochellecorporationcounselBernisShapiro.They’rejustcarriedforwardandtheydon’tgetchangeduntilanissuecomesup.InMay2006HillsboroughTownshipinSomersetCountypassedanordinancetospecificallyaddressbarkingbutnocomplaintshavebeenfiledsincethensaidLt.BillGearyoftheHillsboroughPoliceDepartment.OtherNewJerseytownsincludingBloomsburyinHunterdonCountyandManvilleinSomersetconsideredsuchordinancesbutwithdrewthemafterresidentscomplainedthattheywouldbeunenforceable.AsforthosewhocontendthatabarkingdogshouldbealowpriorityCouncilmanFuscosaidIfthedogwasnexttoyourhouseyou’dsingadifferentsong.Mr.FuscosaidhewasconfidentthattheordinanceproposedinCliftonwouldbesupportedbyhisfellowcouncilmembers.Atthesametimeheknowsthatsomeresidentsmayobject.ButDavidAxelrodagroomeratFurrsNPurrsonValleyRoadsaidhedidnotthinkthemeasurewastoughenough.Thirtyminutesisextremelygeneroushesaid.Thereisnoreasonwhyadogshouldbebarkingthatlong.Theordinancesaysbarkingmustbesustainedtobeillegalanditbansexcessivebarkingonlyfrom10pmto7am.UndertheordinancearesidentcomplainstotheCityHealthDepartmentwhichsendsawarningnote.Ifthebarkingcontinuestheresidenttakesthecomplainttomunicipalcourtwherefinescanstartat$250.BeforeacourtdatethecitywouldmostlikelytrytoresolvethematterthroughmediationsaidthecityattorneyMatthewT.Priore.LastyearaboutadozenwarninglettersweresenttoresidentsabouttheirbarkingdogsCliftonofficialssaid.Currentlyresidentscancomplainaboutbarkingunderthecity’sgeneralnoiseordinancebuttheyhavetoessentiallyprosecutethecaseinmunicipalcourtthemselvesMr.Fuscosaid.Undertheproposedordinanceresidentswouldappearasawitnessinacasepresentedbythemunicipalprosecutor.ThenewordinancehassomebitetoitMr.Fuscosaid.EricM.ZwerlingdirectoroftheRutgersUniversityNoiseTechnicalAssistanceCentertrainspoliceofficersonnoisecomplaintsandwritesmunicipalnoisecodes.OneofthethingsIsaytotheofficersItrainisthatifpeoplewerefundamentallyciviltoeachotherwe’dallbeoutofworkhesaid.Mr.ZwerlingtheownerofachocolateLabradornamedBoscosaidhehadhisownappreciationofthebarkingproblem.Adogisbarkingforoneoftworeasons--eitheritneedsattentionoritistryingtoalertyoutosomethinghesaid.Ineithercaseyoushouldbeattendingtoit./What’sthereactionofMrs.Czarneckiwhenshewasannoyedbythebarkingofherneighbor’sdog
HerculesOnceuponatimetherewasagreatGreekheroHercules.Hewastallerandstrongerthananyoneyouhaveeverseen.Onhisshoulderhecarriedaclubandinhishandheheldabow.Hewasknownastheheroofahundredadventures.Herculesservedaking.Thekingwasafraidofhim.Soagainandagainhesenthimondifficulttasks.OnemorningthekingsentforhimandtoldhimtofetchthreegoldenapplesforhimfromthegardenoftheSingingMaidens.Butnooneknewwherethegardenwas.SoHerculeswentaway.Hewalkedthewholedayandthenextdayandthenext.Hewalkedformonthsbeforehesawmountainsfarinthedistanceonefinemorning.Oneofthemountainswasintheshapeofamanwithlonglonglegsandarmsandhugeshouldersandahugehead.Hewasholdingupthesky.HerculesknewitwasAtlastheMountainGod.Soheaskedhimforhelp.AtlasansweredMyheadandarmsandshouldersallache.CouldyouholduptheskywhileIfetchthegoldenapplesforyouHerculesclimbedthemountainandshoulderedthesky.Soontheskygrewveryheavy.WhenfinallyAtlascamebackwiththreegoldenappleshesaidWellyouaregoingtocarrythemountainforever.I’mgoingtoseetheKingwiththeapples.Herculesknewthathecouldn’tfighthimbecauseoftheskyonhisback.Soheshouted.Justoneminute’shelp.Myshouldersarehurting.HoldtheskyforaminutewhileImakeacushionformyshoulders.Atlasbelievedhim.Hethrewdowntheapplesandheldupthesky.Herculespickeduptheapplesandranbacktoseetheking.Herculesworkedintheking’sgarden.
MarvelousMetamaterialsInvisibilitycloakswouldhaveremainedimpossibleforeverlockedinsciencefictionhaditnotbeenforthedevelopmentofmetamaterials.InGreekmetameansbeyondandmetamaterialscandothingsbeyondwhatweseeinthenaturalworld-likeshufflelightwavesaroundanobjectandthenbring’thembacktogether.Ifscientistsevermanagetobuildafull-fledgedinvisibilitycloakitwillprobablybemadeofmetamaterials.Wearecreatingmaterialsthatdon’texistinnatureandthathaveaphysicalphenomenonthatdoesn’texistinnaturesaysengineerDentchoGenov.Thatisthemostexcitingthing.GenovdesignsandbuildsmetamaterialssuchasthoseusedincloakingatLouisianaTechUniversityinRustonLouisiana.Aninvisibilitycloakwillprobablynotbethefirstmajoraccomplishmenttocomefromthefieldofmetamaterials.Otherapplicationsarejustasexciting.Inmanylabsforexamplescientistsareworkingonbuildingahyperlens.Alensisadeviceusuallymadeofglassthatcanchangethedirectionoflightwaves.Lensesareusedinmicroscopesandcamerastofocuslightthusallowingaresearchertoseesmallthingsoraphotographertocaptureimageofthingsthatarefaraway.Ahyperlenshoweverwouldbemadeofmetamaterials.Andsincemetamaterialscandothingswithlightthatordinarymaterialscan’tthehyperlenswouldbeapowerfultoo1.Ahyperlenswouldallowresearcherstoseethingsatthesmallestscaleimaginableassmallasthewavelengthofvisiblelight.Genovpointsoutthatthescienceofmetamaterialsisdrivenbytheimagination.Ifsomeonecanthinkofanideaforanewbehaviorforfightthentheengineerscanfindawaytodesignadeviceusingmetamaterials.Weneedpeoplewhocanimaginehesays.Since2006manylaboratorieshavebeenexploringotherkindsofmetamaterialsthatdon’tinvolvejustvisiblelight.Infactscientistsarefindingthatalmostanykindofwavemayrespondtometamaterials.AtthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciainSpainJoseSanchez-Dehesaisworkingwithacousticsorthescienceofsound.Justasaninvisibilitycloakshuffleswavesoflightanacousticcloakwouldshufflewavesofsoundinawaythat’snotfoundinnature.Inanorchestrahallforexampleanacousticcloakcouldredirectthesoundwavessosomeonesittingbehindacolumnwouldhearthesameconcertastherestoftheaudiencewithoutdistortion.Sanchez-Dehesaanengineerrecentlyshowedthatit’spossibletobuildsuchanacousticcloakthoughhedoubtswe’llseeoneanytimesoon.Inprincipleitispossiblehesaysbutitmightbeimpossibletomakeone.headds.Otherscientistsarelookingintowaystouselargermetamaterialsasshieldsaroundislandsoroilrigsasprotectionfromtsunamis.Atsunamiisagiantdestructivewave.Themetamaterialwouldredirectthetsunamiaroundtherigorislandandthewavewouldresumeitsenergyontheothersidewithoutcausinganyharm.Whatistrueformetamaterials
WhoWantstoLiveForeverIfyourdoctorcouldgiveyouadrugthatwouldletyouliveahealthylifefortwiceaslongwouldyoutakeitThegoodnewsisthatwemaybedrawingneartothatdate.Scientistshavealreadyextendedthelivesofflieswormsandmiceinlaboratories.Manynowthinkthatusinggenetictreatmentswewillsoonbeabletoextendhumanlifetoatleast140years.Thisseemsagreatidea.Thinkofhowmuchmoretimewecouldspendchasingourdreamsspendingtimewithourlovedoneswatchingourfamiliesgrowandhavefamiliesoftheirown.LongerlifewouldgiveusachancetorecoverfromourmistakesandpromotelongtermthinkingsaysDr.GregoryStockoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSchoolofPublicHealth.Itwouldalsoraiseproductivitybyaddingtotheyearwecanwork.Longerlivesdon’tjustaffectthepeoplewholivethem.Theyalsoaffectsocietyasawhole.WehavewarpovertyallsortsofissuesaroundandIdon’tthinkanyofthemwouldbeatallhelpedbyhavingpeoplelivelongersaysUSbioethicistDanielCallahan.Thequestionis’Whatwillwegetasasociety’Isuspectitwon’tbeabettersociety.Itwouldcertainlybeaverydifferentsociety.Peoplearealreadyfindingitmoredifficulttostaymarried.Divorceratesarerising.Whatwouldhappentomarriageinasocietywherepeoplelivedfor140yearsAndwhatwouldhappentofamilylifeifnineor10generationsofthesamefamilywereallaliveatthesametimeResearchintoageingmayenablewomentoremainfertileforlonger.Andthatraisestheprospectofhaving100-year-oldparentsorbrothersandsistersborn50yearsapart.Wethinkofaneldersiblingassomeonewhocanprotectusandofferhelpandadvice.Thatwouldbehardtodoifthatsiblingcamefromacompletelydifferentgeneration.Workinglifewouldalsobeaffectedespeciallyiftheretirementagewaslifted.Morepeoplewouldstayinworkforlonger.Thatwouldgiveusthebenefitsofageskillwisdomandgoodjudgment.Ontheotherhandmorepeopleworkingforlongerwouldcreategreatercompetitionforjobs.Itwouldmakeitmoredifficultforyoungerpeopletofindajob.Toppostswouldbedominatedbythesamefewindividualsmakingcareerprogressmoredifficult.Andhoweasilywoulda25-year-oldemployeebeabletocommunicatewitha125-year-oldbossYoungpeoplewouldbeasmallerpartofasocietyinwhichpeoplelivedto140.Itmaybethatsuchasocietywouldplacelessimportanceonguidingandeducatingyoungpeopleandmoreonmakinglifecomfortablefortheold.Andsocietywouldfeelverydifferentifmoreofitsmemberswereolder.Therewouldbemorewisdombutlessenergy:Youngpeopleliketomoveabout.Oldpeopleliketositstill.Youngpeopletendtoactwithoutthinking.Oldpeopletendtothinkwithoutacting.Youngpeoplearecuriousandliketoexperiencedifferentthings.Oldpeoplearelessenthusiasticaboutchange.Infacttheyarelessenthusiasticabouteverything.Theeffectofanti-ageingtechnologyisdeeperthanwemightthink.Butasthescienceadvancesweneedtothinkaboutthesechangesnow.Ifthiscouldeverhappenthenwe’dbetteraskwhatkindofsocietywewanttogetsaysDanielCallahan.Wehadbetternotgoanywherenearituntilwehavefigurethoseproblemsout./Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthesixthparagraph
AIKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapthingsBitishighlywelcomedbybothCIngvarKampradshowedinterestandtalentfordoingbusinessDheliveshappilyinretirementEheretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtobuyFIngvarsuccessfullymanagesthecompanyallbyhimselfCustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA’sshowroomsbecause______.
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