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暴晒日光与下列哪一种肿瘤关系最密切
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It’’safunnythinghappiness.Peoplerefertoitassomethingtheywantsomethingmissingasifitcouldbesecurediftheyonlyknewwheretofindit.Lackofitisblamedonpastrelationshipsandhopeforitplacedonfuturelovers.Desireforitbecomesarestlessquest.Yetoverandagainintherapyitisclearthatahungrypursuitfortheillusivestateofhappinessonlyendsinfrustrationandyetmoreunhappiness. WhenIaskamanwho’’sjustturned40andwantstotrypsychotherapytotellmeaboutthedisappointmentshementionshereelsoffalist:aloveaffairthatlostitszest;aworkprojectruinedbyacolleague;aholidayspoiledbytheweather;aplanhaltedbyillhealth.Allwerepotentialroutestohappiness.Anditisthisendlessfeelingofthingsbeingspoiltthatmakeshimfeelletdownbylifeandunhappy. Hetellsmethathehadbeenawillfulchild.Hewashesaysspoiltrottenbyverylovingparents.Theyhadsufferedmuchhardshipintheirownlivesandwhenhardworkandgoodluckmadethemwellofftheydecidedthathetheironlysonwouldhavealltheyhadlackedandmore. Hehadwantedfornothing.Yetthiscamewithacost.Forhavingeverythingonaplatebeforehehadevendevelopedanappetitehadrobbedhimofthechancetoreachandstruggleforsomethingmeaningfulandofhisveryown.Therehadneverbeenanemptyspacehehadenjoyedworkingtofill.Littlewonderhewasunabletoremainattachedtoanythingoranyoneafterfrustrationsetin.Workingthroughdifficultysimplyhadn’’teverbeenaskedofhim. Whilehopefullyaby-productofdevelopingemotionalmaturityhappinesswasnotItoldhimaspecifictherapeuticaim.Buttherapycouldofferthechallengetostaywithandsograduallyunderstandthemeaningofhisunhappinessratherthanboltingwhenthegoinggotrough.Thenotionthatwecanuncoverameaningwithinoursufferingsupportsthewholetherapeuticventure.Byworkingtowardsunderstandingthereasonsforhisdisappointmentsthismanhadthechancetobeginreshapinghisownlifejourney.Thiswasunlikelytogivehimhappinessasagivenconstantbutcouldenablehimtodevelopsomethingfarmoreimportant.AsC.G.JungthefounderofAnalyticalPsychologysaid:Theprincipalaimofpsychotherapyisnottotransportthepatienttoanimpossiblestateofhappinessbuttohelphimacquiresteadfastnessandphilosophicpatienceinthefaceofsuffering.Lifedemandsforitscompletionandfulfillmentabalancebetweenjoyandsorrow. Thepatient’’sunhappinessresultsprimarilyfromhis
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TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
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Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Somehoweverarelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotakebypersonsinauthorityacttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredictedhoweverthatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture. Thiskindofsupportlikeallgovernmentsupportrequiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupportinggoodasopposedtobadsciencebutavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generallytheideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74.Howevertheworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepastgivingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.
It’’safunnythinghappiness.Peoplerefertoitassomethingtheywantsomethingmissingasifitcouldbesecurediftheyonlyknewwheretofindit.Lackofitisblamedonpastrelationshipsandhopeforitplacedonfuturelovers.Desireforitbecomesarestlessquest.Yetoverandagainintherapyitisclearthatahungrypursuitfortheillusivestateofhappinessonlyendsinfrustrationandyetmoreunhappiness. WhenIaskamanwho’’sjustturned40andwantstotrypsychotherapytotellmeaboutthedisappointmentshementionshereelsoffalist:aloveaffairthatlostitszest;aworkprojectruinedbyacolleague;aholidayspoiledbytheweather;aplanhaltedbyillhealth.Allwerepotentialroutestohappiness.Anditisthisendlessfeelingofthingsbeingspoiltthatmakeshimfeelletdownbylifeandunhappy. Hetellsmethathehadbeenawillfulchild.Hewashesaysspoiltrottenbyverylovingparents.Theyhadsufferedmuchhardshipintheirownlivesandwhenhardworkandgoodluckmadethemwellofftheydecidedthathetheironlysonwouldhavealltheyhadlackedandmore. Hehadwantedfornothing.Yetthiscamewithacost.Forhavingeverythingonaplatebeforehehadevendevelopedanappetitehadrobbedhimofthechancetoreachandstruggleforsomethingmeaningfulandofhisveryown.Therehadneverbeenanemptyspacehehadenjoyedworkingtofill.Littlewonderhewasunabletoremainattachedtoanythingoranyoneafterfrustrationsetin.Workingthroughdifficultysimplyhadn’’teverbeenaskedofhim. Whilehopefullyaby-productofdevelopingemotionalmaturityhappinesswasnotItoldhimaspecifictherapeuticaim.Buttherapycouldofferthechallengetostaywithandsograduallyunderstandthemeaningofhisunhappinessratherthanboltingwhenthegoinggotrough.Thenotionthatwecanuncoverameaningwithinoursufferingsupportsthewholetherapeuticventure.Byworkingtowardsunderstandingthereasonsforhisdisappointmentsthismanhadthechancetobeginreshapinghisownlifejourney.Thiswasunlikelytogivehimhappinessasagivenconstantbutcouldenablehimtodevelopsomethingfarmoreimportant.AsC.G.JungthefounderofAnalyticalPsychologysaid:Theprincipalaimofpsychotherapyisnottotransportthepatienttoanimpossiblestateofhappinessbuttohelphimacquiresteadfastnessandphilosophicpatienceinthefaceofsuffering.Lifedemandsforitscompletionandfulfillmentabalancebetweenjoyandsorrow. Itisausualeasewithhappinessthat
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Theauthorwarnsthatoverweighthas
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