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中国第一所教会学校是 ( )
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西欧中世纪的教会学校主要有修道院学校和
外国传教士在中国领土上开办的第一所教会学校
英华书院
马礼逊学堂
宁波女塾
金陵大学
教会学校的类型
欧洲封建社会出现了两种类型的教育即
教会学校、宫廷教育
骑士教育、宫廷教育
教会学校、骑士教育
中国近代由教会举办的第一所主要面向华人的新式学校是
马礼逊学堂
马六甲书院
英华书院
英华学塾
简述中世纪教会学校的特征
中国第一所电影学校
中国封建社会学校类型主要有
官学
骑士学校
私学
书院
教会学校
在中国建立的最早的教会学校是
蒙养学堂
培雅书院
马礼逊学堂
度思书院
1844年英国东方女子协进会的传教士女士在宁波创办女塾这是中国第一所教会女子学校
简述教会学校对中国教育的影响
教会学校
中国近代第一所也是规模最大的武术学校是
简要评价教会学校对中国教育的影响
李鸿章奏设的中国第一所陆军学校是
简述早期教会学校的特点和影响
江西省立实验幼稚师范学校中国第一所独立设置的范学校
福州船政学堂是中国近代第一所海军学校
学校教育是社会发展的一个缩影阅读材料回答问题材料一太学是中国古代的大学汉武帝时董仲舒上提出愿陛下兴太
中国第一所海军学校福建船政学堂何时创建
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Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplacedclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours. Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcarewedemandeyed’’thingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified. In1950theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$I540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’’Connorisinher7OsandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave. Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AsaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyamddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcarehaveachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanwehave.Asanationwemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’’slives. Theauthor’’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’’sremarkisoneof
TowhatextentaretheunemployedfailingintheirdutytosocietytoworkandhowfarhastheStateanobligationtoensurethattheyhaveworktodo Itisbynowincreasinglyrecognizedthatworkersmaybethrownoutofworkbyindustrialforcesbeyondtheircontrolandthattheunemployedareinsomesensepayingthepriceoftheeconomicprogressoftherestofthecommunity.Butconcernwithunemploymentandtheunemployedvariessharply.Theissuesofdutyandresponsibilitywerereopenedandrevitalizedbytheunemploymentscareof1971-2.RisingunemploymentandincreasedsumspaidoutinbenefitstotheworklesshadreawakenedcontroversieswhichhadbeeninactiveduringmostoftheperiodoffulleremploymentsincethewarendedtheDepression.Itlookedasthoughinfuturetherewouldagainbetoolittleworktogoroundsotherewereargumentsabouthowtoproducemoreworkhowtheavailableworkshouldbesharedoutandwhowasresponsibleforunemploymentandtheunemployed. In1972therewerecriticswhosaidthattheState’’sactioninallowingunemploymenttorisewasafaithlessactabreakingofthesocialcontractbetweensocietyandtheworker.Yetinthemainanycontributionbyemployerstounemployment―suchaslayingoffworkersinordertointroducetechnologicalchangesandmaximizeprofits―tendedtobeignored.Anditwastheunemployedwhowereaccusedoffailingtohonourthesocialcontractbynotfulfillingtheirdutytosocietytowork.Inspiteofgeneralconcernatthescaleoftheunemploymentstatisticswhentheunemployedwereconsideredasindividualstheytendedtoattractscornandthreatsofpunishment.Theircapacitiesandmotivationasworkersandtheirvalueasmembersofsocietybecamesuspect.OfallthemythsoftheWelfareStatestoriesofthework-shyandborrowershavebeentheleastwell-foundedonevidenceyettheyhaveprovedthemostpersistent.TheunemployedwereaccusedofbeingresponsiblefortheirownworklessconditionanddoubtswereexpressedabouttheState’’sobligationeithertoprovidethemwiththesecurityofworkortosupportthemthroughSocialSecurity. Underlyingtheargumentsaboutunemploymentandtheunemployedisabasicdisagreementaboutthenatureandmeaningofworkinsociety.TowhatextentcanorshouldworkberegardedasaservicenotonlyperformedbytheworkerforsocietybutalsomadesecurefortheworkerbytheStateandsupportedifnecessaryAndapartfromcasharetheresocialpressuresandsatisfactionswhichcauseindividualstoseekandkeepwork.sothattheworklessneedworkratherthanjustcash Whattheauthorproposestoexamineiswhether
WhilemanypeoplemightassumethatMothers’DayisaholidayinventedbythefinefolksatHallmarkit’snotso.TheearliestMothers’DaycelebrationscanbetracedbacktothespringcelebrationsofancientGreecehonoringRheatheMotheroftheGods.TheRomanscalledtheirversionoftheeventtheHilariaandcelebratedontheIdes古罗马历中的3月15日ofMarchbymakingofferingsinthetempleofCybelethemotheroftheGods.EarlyChristianscelebratedthefestivalonthefourthSundayofLentinhonoroftheVirginMarytheMotherofChrist. Inmorerecenttimesrelativelyspeaking—Englandinthe1600s—thecelebrationwasexpandedtoincludeallmotherswith"MotheringSunday"beingcelebratedonthe4thSundayofLentthe40dayperiodleadinguptoEaster.46BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration. Mothers’DayfestivitiesintheUnitedStatesdatebackto1872whenJuliaWardHoweherotherclaimtofamewaswritingthelyrics歌词forthe"BattleHymnoftheRepublic"suggestedthedaybededicatedtopeace.Ms.HowewouldholdorganizedMothers’DaymeetingsinBostonMassachusettseveryear. In1907AnaJarvisaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaschoolteacherfurtheredthecausebybeginningacampaigntoestablishanationalMothers’Day.47Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.BythefollowingyearMothers’DaywasalsobeingcelebratedinPhiladelphia. Notcontenttorestonherlaurels殊荣Ms.JarvisandhersupportersbegantowritetoministersbusinessmenandpoliticiansintheirquesttoestablishanationalMothers’Dayandin1912theMothers’DayInternationalAssociationwasincorporatedforthepurposeofpromotingthedayanditsobservance.48In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay. ItissomewhatironicthatafterallhereffortsAnaJarvisendedupgrowingbitteroverwhatsheperceivedasthecorruptionoftheholidayshecreated.49Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.AnaJarvis’storyisnotahappyone.Thingswentfrombadtoworseandsheeventuallylosteverythingandeveryonethatwasclosetoheranddiedaloneinasanatorium疗养地in1948.ShortlybeforeherdeathJarvistoldareportershewassorryshehadeverstartedMothers’Day. 50Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.ManycountriesthroughouttheworldcelebrateMothers’DayatvarioustimesthroughouttheyearbutsomesuchasDenmarkFinlandItalyTurkeyAustraliaandBelgiumalsocelebrateMothers’DayonthesecondSundayofMay. BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyed; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplacedclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours. Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcarewedemandeyed’’thingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified. In1950theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$I540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’’Connorisinher7OsandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave. Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AsaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyamddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcarehaveachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanwehave.Asanationwemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’’slives. Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat
TowhatextentaretheunemployedfailingintheirdutytosocietytoworkandhowfarhastheStateanobligationtoensurethattheyhaveworktodo Itisbynowincreasinglyrecognizedthatworkersmaybethrownoutofworkbyindustrialforcesbeyondtheircontrolandthattheunemployedareinsomesensepayingthepriceoftheeconomicprogressoftherestofthecommunity.Butconcernwithunemploymentandtheunemployedvariessharply.Theissuesofdutyandresponsibilitywerereopenedandrevitalizedbytheunemploymentscareof1971-2.RisingunemploymentandincreasedsumspaidoutinbenefitstotheworklesshadreawakenedcontroversieswhichhadbeeninactiveduringmostoftheperiodoffulleremploymentsincethewarendedtheDepression.Itlookedasthoughinfuturetherewouldagainbetoolittleworktogoroundsotherewereargumentsabouthowtoproducemoreworkhowtheavailableworkshouldbesharedoutandwhowasresponsibleforunemploymentandtheunemployed. In1972therewerecriticswhosaidthattheState’’sactioninallowingunemploymenttorisewasafaithlessactabreakingofthesocialcontractbetweensocietyandtheworker.Yetinthemainanycontributionbyemployerstounemployment―suchaslayingoffworkersinordertointroducetechnologicalchangesandmaximizeprofits―tendedtobeignored.Anditwastheunemployedwhowereaccusedoffailingtohonourthesocialcontractbynotfulfillingtheirdutytosocietytowork.Inspiteofgeneralconcernatthescaleoftheunemploymentstatisticswhentheunemployedwereconsideredasindividualstheytendedtoattractscornandthreatsofpunishment.Theircapacitiesandmotivationasworkersandtheirvalueasmembersofsocietybecamesuspect.OfallthemythsoftheWelfareStatestoriesofthework-shyandborrowershavebeentheleastwell-foundedonevidenceyettheyhaveprovedthemostpersistent.TheunemployedwereaccusedofbeingresponsiblefortheirownworklessconditionanddoubtswereexpressedabouttheState’’sobligationeithertoprovidethemwiththesecurityofworkortosupportthemthroughSocialSecurity. Underlyingtheargumentsaboutunemploymentandtheunemployedisabasicdisagreementaboutthenatureandmeaningofworkinsociety.TowhatextentcanorshouldworkberegardedasaservicenotonlyperformedbytheworkerforsocietybutalsomadesecurefortheworkerbytheStateandsupportedifnecessaryAndapartfromcasharetheresocialpressuresandsatisfactionswhichcauseindividualstoseekandkeepwork.sothattheworklessneedworkratherthanjustcash Theeffectofthe1971-2unemploymentscarewasto
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
WhilemanypeoplemightassumethatMothers’DayisaholidayinventedbythefinefolksatHallmarkit’snotso.TheearliestMothers’DaycelebrationscanbetracedbacktothespringcelebrationsofancientGreecehonoringRheatheMotheroftheGods.TheRomanscalledtheirversionoftheeventtheHilariaandcelebratedontheIdes古罗马历中的3月15日ofMarchbymakingofferingsinthetempleofCybelethemotheroftheGods.EarlyChristianscelebratedthefestivalonthefourthSundayofLentinhonoroftheVirginMarytheMotherofChrist. Inmorerecenttimesrelativelyspeaking—Englandinthe1600s—thecelebrationwasexpandedtoincludeallmotherswith"MotheringSunday"beingcelebratedonthe4thSundayofLentthe40dayperiodleadinguptoEaster.46BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration. Mothers’DayfestivitiesintheUnitedStatesdatebackto1872whenJuliaWardHoweherotherclaimtofamewaswritingthelyrics歌词forthe"BattleHymnoftheRepublic"suggestedthedaybededicatedtopeace.Ms.HowewouldholdorganizedMothers’DaymeetingsinBostonMassachusettseveryear. In1907AnaJarvisaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaschoolteacherfurtheredthecausebybeginningacampaigntoestablishanationalMothers’Day.47Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.BythefollowingyearMothers’DaywasalsobeingcelebratedinPhiladelphia. Notcontenttorestonherlaurels殊荣Ms.JarvisandhersupportersbegantowritetoministersbusinessmenandpoliticiansintheirquesttoestablishanationalMothers’Dayandin1912theMothers’DayInternationalAssociationwasincorporatedforthepurposeofpromotingthedayanditsobservance.48In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay. ItissomewhatironicthatafterallhereffortsAnaJarvisendedupgrowingbitteroverwhatsheperceivedasthecorruptionoftheholidayshecreated.49Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.AnaJarvis’storyisnotahappyone.Thingswentfrombadtoworseandsheeventuallylosteverythingandeveryonethatwasclosetoheranddiedaloneinasanatorium疗养地in1948.ShortlybeforeherdeathJarvistoldareportershewassorryshehadeverstartedMothers’Day. 50Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.ManycountriesthroughouttheworldcelebrateMothers’DayatvarioustimesthroughouttheyearbutsomesuchasDenmarkFinlandItalyTurkeyAustraliaandBelgiumalsocelebrateMothers’DayonthesecondSundayofMay. In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay.
USPresidentBushhasbeenhavingadifficultsummer.Recentpollsshowaconsiderabledeclineinpublicapprovalofhisconductofthenation’sbusinessyetinjustfewweeksvoterswilldecidewhetherheorDemocratJohnKerryistobethenextpresident.IfthingsaregoingsobadlyforBushthenKerrymustbedoingwellright 41__________.Hispublicappearanceskindlelittleenthusiasm.HisTVadsswayfewviewers.AsaresultKerrysupporterstendtobemoreanti-Bushthantheyaregenuinelypro-Kerry. DemocraticstrategistspointoutthatKerryhasapatternofcomingfrombehindtowinpoliticalraces.AndeventhoughKerrystirslittleexcitementmanyAmericansarequiteeagertolearnwhomhewillchooseashisrunningmate.ApopularvicepresidentialcandidatecouldenergizehiscampaignespeciallysincethereislittlechancethatPresident.Bushwilldumpthemuch-loathedRichardCheneyfromtheRepublicanticket. MostobserversagreethatKerryisnotaparticularlystrongcandidatefortheUSpresidency.Hetendstoberespectedbuthearouseslittleenthusiasm.42__________ButthentwoweeksagotheRepublicanscounterattackedvigorouslyendtheraceisonceagainwideopen. Thepublic’sgenerallypositiveimpressionofSenator’sKerry’scharacterisbasedinlargepartonhisrecordduringthewarinVietnamwhenheperformedheroicallyasthecommanderofa"swiftboat"alightmilitarycraftusedbytheUSNavytothreadtheriversandcanalsofsouthernVietnam.Thecrewofhisoldboatareunitedintheirpraiseofhim. 43__________.TwoweeksagotheybeganappearinginstinginglynegativeTVadsairedincrucialstateswherecurrentlyundecidedvoterswillprobablydeterminetheoutcomeoftheelection.AndtheadswereeffectivedrawingindependentvotersawayfromKerry.InthemeantimeKerry’sowncrewmenhavestronglyrejectedthenewversionofevents. 44__________JournalistsquicklyturneduplinksbetweenthenavyveteransandTexasfatcatswhohadlongsuppliedtheBushfamilywithfundsforpoliticalcampaigns.TheserichfolkswereinturnlinkedtoKarlRoveBush’smasterfulpoliticalstrategist--hisveryownZhugeLiang. 45__________.CartoonistDavidHorseylikemanyotherobserversthinksKarlRoveisuptohisoldtricks;asimilareffort--inthiscaseuntraceableslanderousrumorsduringakeyprimaryrace--underminedpopularRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaine’scampaignfortheGOPnominationin2000.Intoday’scartoonRoveisportrayedasthepuppeteercontrollingBush’swealthysupportersinTexasnoticetheTexas-stylecowboyhat.Thehandpuppetinturnseemstobemanipulatinganothersmallerpuppetthatrepresentstheangryswiftboatveterans. A.NonethelessthankstothesloweconomicrecoverythedifficultsituationinIraqandchangingperceptionsofPresidentBush’scompetenceheseemedtobeontheroadtoaverynarrowvictoryinNovember. B.Butleadershipyouknowisn’tabouttakingtheeasyroute;itisaboutmakingthetoughsometimesunpopulardecisions.PresidentBushhasdemonstratedthathecanmaketoughdecisionsandIpersonallylikethefactthathisfaithendhisvaluesarethefoundationofhisdecisions. C.Notexactly.AmericansoutsideMassachusettswhichKerryrepresentsintheSenateseemtofindithardtorelatetotheDemocraticcandidate. D.WhileBushwoulddearlylovetoundermineKerry’simagehecannotaffordtobeseendoingso.Hisownmilitaryrecordafterall;makesasorrycontrastwithKerry’s. E.AretheadstheBushcampaigninactionorjustthevengefulprotestofnavalofficerswhoseleadershipwasquestionedinarecentbiographyofKerryItcostshundredsofthousandsofdollarstomakesuchanadandbuyairtime;somanypeopleimmediatelysuspectedthatwealthyRepublicanswerebehindtheeffort. F.HoweveragroupofnavyveteransallpresentinthesameareaofVietnamasKerryandduringthesameperiodsomeasseniorofficersothersascrewmennotonKerry’sboatbutonothersimilarcrafthavedenouncedKerryinabookthatcameoutlastmonth.Theyallegethathedidnotdeservethemedalsforvaliantleadershiphewoninthewar. G.KerryremainsanunknownquantitytomostAmericansbutbetterknownDemocratsaremuchinthenews.Examinethepublicitypostersinthecartoon.Inbothuppercomersareadsforex-PresidentClinton’slengthyautobiographyMyLife. 44
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire. Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
WhilemanypeoplemightassumethatMothers’DayisaholidayinventedbythefinefolksatHallmarkit’snotso.TheearliestMothers’DaycelebrationscanbetracedbacktothespringcelebrationsofancientGreecehonoringRheatheMotheroftheGods.TheRomanscalledtheirversionoftheeventtheHilariaandcelebratedontheIdes古罗马历中的3月15日ofMarchbymakingofferingsinthetempleofCybelethemotheroftheGods.EarlyChristianscelebratedthefestivalonthefourthSundayofLentinhonoroftheVirginMarytheMotherofChrist. Inmorerecenttimesrelativelyspeaking—Englandinthe1600s—thecelebrationwasexpandedtoincludeallmotherswith"MotheringSunday"beingcelebratedonthe4thSundayofLentthe40dayperiodleadinguptoEaster.46BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration. Mothers’DayfestivitiesintheUnitedStatesdatebackto1872whenJuliaWardHoweherotherclaimtofamewaswritingthelyrics歌词forthe"BattleHymnoftheRepublic"suggestedthedaybededicatedtopeace.Ms.HowewouldholdorganizedMothers’DaymeetingsinBostonMassachusettseveryear. In1907AnaJarvisaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaschoolteacherfurtheredthecausebybeginningacampaigntoestablishanationalMothers’Day.47Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.BythefollowingyearMothers’DaywasalsobeingcelebratedinPhiladelphia. Notcontenttorestonherlaurels殊荣Ms.JarvisandhersupportersbegantowritetoministersbusinessmenandpoliticiansintheirquesttoestablishanationalMothers’Dayandin1912theMothers’DayInternationalAssociationwasincorporatedforthepurposeofpromotingthedayanditsobservance.48In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay. ItissomewhatironicthatafterallhereffortsAnaJarvisendedupgrowingbitteroverwhatsheperceivedasthecorruptionoftheholidayshecreated.49Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.AnaJarvis’storyisnotahappyone.Thingswentfrombadtoworseandsheeventuallylosteverythingandeveryonethatwasclosetoheranddiedaloneinasanatorium疗养地in1948.ShortlybeforeherdeathJarvistoldareportershewassorryshehadeverstartedMothers’Day. 50Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.ManycountriesthroughouttheworldcelebrateMothers’DayatvarioustimesthroughouttheyearbutsomesuchasDenmarkFinlandItalyTurkeyAustraliaandBelgiumalsocelebrateMothers’DayonthesecondSundayofMay. Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.
StudythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayentitledAfterPicnics. Intheessayyoushould 1describethepictures 2giveyourcommentonthephenomenaand 3suggestpossiblemeasurestochangethem. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplacedclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours. Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcarewedemandeyed’’thingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified. In1950theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$I540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’’Connorisinher7OsandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave. Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AsaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyamddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcarehaveachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanwehave.Asanationwemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’’slives. Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
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