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Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41--45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedboar.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten. C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 43
Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions. Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.FundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsWeredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations. Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol. Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNotagreewith
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. GoAskAliceasmentionedinthepassageis
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"besays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Directions: YouareannoyedbytoomanyfamilycomediesofaTVstation.Writeacomplaintlettertothestation.Inyourletteryoushouldtellthem: 1yourannoyanceattheprograms 2thesamefeelingsofothers 3yourrequestofthestationtoreform. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions. Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.FundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsWeredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations. Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol. Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. Whatdoesthepracticalmanifestations...outofcontrolPara.3mean
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. Mrs.Satowwouldprobablyagreethat
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.Acomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion. Arethesepeoplementallyill 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins. 47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps. Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders. Thequestionisnotjustphilosophical:wherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles. "Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirectorofresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased. Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid. Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad:observationsofbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps.
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. Thefirstparagraphiswrittento
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41--45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedboar.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten. C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 45
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.Acomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion. Arethesepeoplementallyill 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins. 47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps. Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders. Thequestionisnotjustphilosophical:wherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles. "Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirectorofresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased. Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid. Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad:observationsofbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles.
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"besays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. WhichofthefollowingisNotoneoftheadvantagesofsuperpills
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41--45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedboar.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten. C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 41

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are r...

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