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轴质运输中起重要作用的是
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在中起重要作用
辅酶A在什么中起重要作用
轴承是支撑轴的部件在机械设备中起重要作用
骨折后骨的愈合是骨膜起重要作用骨的长粗是起重要作用不断产生新的骨组织的结果
骨密质
骨膜成骨细胞
关节表面软骨层
骨骺端软骨层
电镜下血小板的胞质中可见________________及膜下细丝等它们构成血小板的骨架系统在维持血
骨折后骨的愈合是起重要作用骨的长粗是起重要作用人的长高是因为长骨的不断产生新的骨组织的结果
骨密质
骨膜成骨细胞
关节表面软骨层
骨骺端软骨层
在轴突运输中起重要作用的结构是.
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有关C4错误的有
可被Cls水解
可被Clr水解
属于球蛋白
在传统激活途径中起重要作用
在旁路激活途径中起重要作用
骨折后对骨的愈合起重要作用的是
骨膜
骨松质
膈
骨密质
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Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineersscientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffamefastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage. 46WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers. 47Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-ValleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailingaswellasthefarsightedpoliciesoftheUSgovernment. Manycountrieshaveorareintheprocessofcreatingtheirown"SiliconValley".SofarnonehasasyetthreatenedthepreeminenceoftheUSprototype.WhatmakesSiliconValleysuchauniqueentityThereareseveralcrucialfactors. 48Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.WithouttheseadvantagestheValleywouldbeadifferentplace. Secondlyitactivelyencouragesorevenexaltsrisktaking.Hencefailureholdsnoterrorandthereisnoshameattachedtoafailedeffort.Onthecontrarytheywilltryevenhardernexttimeround.Suchnever-say-dieapproachisthesinequanonfortheultimatetriumphinentrepreneurshipandtechnologicalbreakthrough. 49Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.Somewouldevengivefailedentrepreneursasecondchanceifconvincedthatafreshconceptmightleadtoultimatesuccess. 50Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies.Thereisalsoaprideofachievementiftheireffortscontributetoitsfruition. Intellectualchallengesasideitisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise. WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineersscientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffamefastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage. 46WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers. 47Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-ValleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailingaswellasthefarsightedpoliciesoftheUSgovernment. Manycountrieshaveorareintheprocessofcreatingtheirown"SiliconValley".SofarnonehasasyetthreatenedthepreeminenceoftheUSprototype.WhatmakesSiliconValleysuchauniqueentityThereareseveralcrucialfactors. 48Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.WithouttheseadvantagestheValleywouldbeadifferentplace. Secondlyitactivelyencouragesorevenexaltsrisktaking.Hencefailureholdsnoterrorandthereisnoshameattachedtoafailedeffort.Onthecontrarytheywilltryevenhardernexttimeround.Suchnever-say-dieapproachisthesinequanonfortheultimatetriumphinentrepreneurshipandtechnologicalbreakthrough. 49Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.Somewouldevengivefailedentrepreneursasecondchanceifconvincedthatafreshconceptmightleadtoultimatesuccess. 50Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies.Thereisalsoaprideofachievementiftheireffortscontributetoitsfruition. Intellectualchallengesasideitisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise. Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 44
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. AccordingtothepassagedownshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof______.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutspeciesmovementisbestsupportedbythetext
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineersscientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffamefastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage. 46WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetsincetheearly1990sandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughittheinformationeraistrulyuponusprofoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestylebutalsothewayweworkdobusinessthinkandcommunicatewithothers. 47Theunprecedentedsuccessofthe-ValleyisatestimonytotheconcertedinternationalendeavorsandcontributionsbypeoplefromdiverseculturalandracialbackgroundsmadepossiblebythefavorablepoliticaleconomicandintellectualclimateprevailingaswellasthefarsightedpoliciesoftheUSgovernment. Manycountrieshaveorareintheprocessofcreatingtheirown"SiliconValley".SofarnonehasasyetthreatenedthepreeminenceoftheUSprototype.WhatmakesSiliconValleysuchauniqueentityThereareseveralcrucialfactors. 48Firstandforemostithasthelargestconcentrationofbrilliantcomputerprofessionalsandthebestsupportingservicesintheworldandeasyaccesstoworld-classresearchinstitutionslikeStanfordUniversitywhichcontinuallynurtureswould-bethattheindustryneedsinordertomoveforward.WithouttheseadvantagestheValleywouldbeadifferentplace. Secondlyitactivelyencouragesorevenexaltsrisktaking.Hencefailureholdsnoterrorandthereisnoshameattachedtoafailedeffort.Onthecontrarytheywilltryevenhardernexttimeround.Suchnever-say-dieapproachisthesinequanonfortheultimatetriumphinentrepreneurshipandtechnologicalbreakthrough. 49Athirddecisivefactoristhevitalroleofventurecapitalistswhowillinglysupportpromisingstart-upswithurgentlyneededinitialcapitaltogetthemstarted.Somewouldevengivefailedentrepreneursasecondchanceifconvincedthatafreshconceptmightleadtoultimatesuccess. 50Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies.Thereisalsoaprideofachievementiftheireffortscontributetoitsfruition. Intellectualchallengesasideitisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise. Ofequalimportancebrightyoungpeopleandmiddlelevelprofessionalsarekeentoworkforanewventureatsubstantiallyreducedremunerationasitoffersmorescopeforentrepreneurshipandjobsatisfactionthantheestablishedcompanies
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
52.Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Firstdescribethepictureinterpretitsmeaning 2Andthengiveyourcomments.
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordlibelParagraph8
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. ByEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Paragraph1theauthormeans
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. Thewriter’’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting______.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. ThewordTrafficinPar.1mostprobablymeans
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt’sdecision
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Todeterminetheentrypathwayforanon-nativespeciesisLEASTlikelytodependon
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. Theoveralltoneofthepieceofwritingcanbestbedescribedas
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 42
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry. ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingmaybestexpressthechiefpurposeofthelastparagraph.’’
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Thereseemstobegrowingawarenessof
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. Accordingtothelastparagraphself-fulfillingistoself-avoidingas
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. ItcanbeinferredthathenEINinoandLaNinaoccurssimultaneously
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangeLine3Paragraph3theauthoristalkingabout
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