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FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlightfirstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices. WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion. TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJuly.Mr.SonsiniservedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovell-allfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion. WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwas"welldoneandwithinlegallimits".Itnowseemsitwasneither. Theauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Sonsini’sremarksis
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyourcommentonthephenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlightfirstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices. WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion. TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJuly.Mr.SonsiniservedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovell-allfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion. WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwas"welldoneandwithinlegallimits".Itnowseemsitwasneither. Thestatisticsinthetextindicate
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareand"business-processoutsourcing"firmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza. Therewouldhavebeen"nochance"ofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket. Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland."Whoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwalls"saysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths. ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas. Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun. ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthattherecentrapiddevelopmentofIndianmodernartiscloselyassociatedwith
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations-allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway-friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch-andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyourside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof-andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker-"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible-friendscanthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou-Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 42
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareand"business-processoutsourcing"firmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza. Therewouldhavebeen"nochance"ofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket. Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland."Whoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwalls"saysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths. ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas. Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareand"business-processoutsourcing"firmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza. Therewouldhavebeen"nochance"ofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket. Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland."Whoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwalls"saysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths. ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas. Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun. Theauthor’snarrativeinthetextcenterson
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease.41._______________Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient.42.________________AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.43.______________Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein.44.______________Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture."Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient."Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease.45._______________X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 44
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease.41._______________Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient.42.________________AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.43.______________Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein.44.______________Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture."Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient."Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease.45._______________X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 42
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Tooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradableresultsfrom
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. AccordingtothetextForresterResearchPredictionmightbedifferentif
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations-allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway-friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch-andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyourside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof-andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker-"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible-friendscanthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou-Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 44
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Thephraseinkindinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes
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