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Text 1 After the terrorist attacks in America last September, terrorist risk became the pariah ...
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Text4 PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay. ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranas"areformerwithresult."ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities＆ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact. Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery. AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill."Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistake"saysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15"dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop." ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC. ByoutragedrhetoricParagraph3theauthoristalkingabout
Inthetwodecadesbetween1929and1949sculptureintheUnitedStatessustainedwhatwasprobablythegreatestexpansioninsheertechniquetooccurinmanycenturies.46Therewasfirstofalltheincorporationofweldingintosculpturalpracticewiththeresultthatitwaspossibletoformanewkindofmetalobject.Forsculptorsworkingwithmetalearlierrestrictedtothedensesolidityofthebronzecastitwaspossibletoaddatypeofworkassembledfrompaper--thinmetalsheetsorsinuouslycurvedrods.Sculpturecouldtaketheformofalineartwo-dimensionalframeandstillremainphysicallyselfsupporting.Alongwiththeinnovationofweldingcameacorrelativedeparture:freestandingsculpturethatwasshockinglyflat. Yetanothertechnicalexpansionoftheoptionsforsculptureappearedintheguiseofmotion.47Theindividualpartsofasculpturewerenolongerunderstoodasnecessarilyfixedinrelationtooneanotherbutcouldbemadetochangepositionwithinaworkconstructedasamovingobject.Motorizingthesculpturewasonlyoneofmanypossibilitiestakenupinthe1930’s.48Otherstrategiesforgettingtheworktomoveinvolvedstructuringitinsuchawaythatexternalforceslikeairmovementsorthetouchofaviewercouldinitiatemotion.Movementbroughtwithitanewattitudetowardtheissueofsculpturalunity:aworkmightbemadeofwidelydiverseandevendiscordantelements;theirformalunitywouldbeachievedthroughthearcofaparticularmotioncompletingitselfthroughtime. 49Liketheuseofweldingandmovementthethirdofthesemajortechnicalexpansionstodevelopinthe1930’sand1940’saddressedtheissuesofsculpturalmaterialsandsculpturalunity.Butitsmediumfordoingsowasthefoundobjectanitemnotintendedforuseinapieceofartworksuchasanewspaperormetalpipe.Tocreateasculpturebyassemblingpartsthathadbeenfabricatedoriginallyforaquitedifferentcontextdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanewtechnology.50Butitdidmeanachangeinsculpturalpracticeforitraisedthepossibilitythatmakingsculpturemightinvolvemoreaconceptualshiftthanaphysicaltransformationofthematerialfromwhichitiscomposed. Liketheuseofweldingandmovementthethirdofthesemajortechnicalexpansionstodevelopinthe1930’sand1940’saddressedtheissuesofsculpturalmaterialsandsculpturalunity
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text2 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage
Text3 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof-"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe" AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvanslikensthisdevicetoawordprocessorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Thispassageismainly
Text3 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof-"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe" AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvanslikensthisdevicetoawordprocessorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Theexpressionhewverycloselytocanbebestreplacedby
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text3 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof-"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe" AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvanslikensthisdevicetoawordprocessorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. TheDNAdesignedbyEvan'stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfromthatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformerischaracterizedbyits
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]Whyisforeigntext"renderedmeaningless"whenpassedthroughanonlinetranslationtoolAccordingtoSabineReulwhorunsaFrankfurt-basedtranslationcompanytranslationtoolshavelimitedusesandproblemsarisewhenwebusersexpecttoomuchfromthem."Atranslationtoolworksforsomethings"saysReul."SayaBritishcompanywantstoorderaboxofscrewsfromaGermansupplier.AsentencelikeWeneedoneboxofacertaintypeofscrew’issomethingthatamachinecouldtranslatereasonablyaccurately--thoughprimitively." [B]Yetwhenitcomestotranslatingblocksoftext-wordsandsentencesthatconveythoughtsandsentimentsonlinetoolsareboundtofailsheadds."Beyondsimplesentencestheonlineprocesssimplydoesn’tworkbecausemachinesdon’tunderstandgrammarandsemanticsnevermindidiomandstyle.""Languageisnotasystemofsignsinthemechanicalsenseoftheword"saysReul."Itisalivingmediumthatisusedtoconveythought.Andthatiswheremachinesfail.Humaninputisindispensableaslongascomputerscannotthink."Reulandothertranslatorslookforwardtothedaywhenclevercomputersmighthelptoeasetheirworkload--butthattimehasnotarrivedyet. [C]EarlierthismonththesmallGermantownofHomberg-an-der-EfzenorthofFrankfurthadtopulpanentireprintrunofitsEnglish-languagetourismbrochureafterofficialsusedanInternettranslatingtooltotranslatetheGermantext.Accordingtoonereportthebrochurewas"renderedmeaningless"bytheonlinetool.MartinWagnermayorofHomberg-an-der-Efzeadmitsthatthetownmadea"blunder".AsaresultofofficialstryingtosavemoneybygettingtheInternettodoatranslator’sjobatotalof7500brochureshadtobebinned. [D]"Itwouldbeniceifcomputerscoulddothejob.Andcertainlythequestformachinetranslationhaspromptedalotoflinguisticresearchthatmayprovevaluableinunforeseenways.Butexperiencetodateconfirmsthateventhemostsubtlecomputerprogramdoesn’tthinkandyouneedtobeabletothinkinordertotranslate." [E]Thisstoryhighlightssomeofthepitfallsoftranslatingonline.Therearemanyinstanttranslationtoolsonthewebbuttheyarebestusedforindividualwordsandshortphrasesratherthanforbrochuresbooksoranythingcomplex.Forexampleoneofthejoysofthewebisthatitgrantsyouaccesstoanarrayofforeignnewssources.Yetifyouweretouseatranslationtooltotrytomakesenseofsuchreportsyoucouldendupwitharatherskewedandsurrealviewoftheworld. [F]Untilthedawnofthinkingcomputersonlinetranslationtoolsarebestreservedforwordsbasicsentencesandusefulholidayphrase.Fortourismbrochuresnewspaperreportsandtherestyouwillhavetorelyonsomeold-fashioned"humaninput". [G]Relyingononlinetranslationtoolscanbeariskybusinessespeciallyifyouexpecttoomuchofit.Forthetimebeingmighttranslationbesomethingbestlefttothehumans Order: 41
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Inthetwodecadesbetween1929and1949sculptureintheUnitedStatessustainedwhatwasprobablythegreatestexpansioninsheertechniquetooccurinmanycenturies.46Therewasfirstofalltheincorporationofweldingintosculpturalpracticewiththeresultthatitwaspossibletoformanewkindofmetalobject.Forsculptorsworkingwithmetalearlierrestrictedtothedensesolidityofthebronzecastitwaspossibletoaddatypeofworkassembledfrompaper--thinmetalsheetsorsinuouslycurvedrods.Sculpturecouldtaketheformofalineartwo-dimensionalframeandstillremainphysicallyselfsupporting.Alongwiththeinnovationofweldingcameacorrelativedeparture:freestandingsculpturethatwasshockinglyflat. Yetanothertechnicalexpansionoftheoptionsforsculptureappearedintheguiseofmotion.47Theindividualpartsofasculpturewerenolongerunderstoodasnecessarilyfixedinrelationtooneanotherbutcouldbemadetochangepositionwithinaworkconstructedasamovingobject.Motorizingthesculpturewasonlyoneofmanypossibilitiestakenupinthe1930’s.48Otherstrategiesforgettingtheworktomoveinvolvedstructuringitinsuchawaythatexternalforceslikeairmovementsorthetouchofaviewercouldinitiatemotion.Movementbroughtwithitanewattitudetowardtheissueofsculpturalunity:aworkmightbemadeofwidelydiverseandevendiscordantelements;theirformalunitywouldbeachievedthroughthearcofaparticularmotioncompletingitselfthroughtime. 49Liketheuseofweldingandmovementthethirdofthesemajortechnicalexpansionstodevelopinthe1930’sand1940’saddressedtheissuesofsculpturalmaterialsandsculpturalunity.Butitsmediumfordoingsowasthefoundobjectanitemnotintendedforuseinapieceofartworksuchasanewspaperormetalpipe.Tocreateasculpturebyassemblingpartsthathadbeenfabricatedoriginallyforaquitedifferentcontextdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanewtechnology.50Butitdidmeanachangeinsculpturalpracticeforitraisedthepossibilitythatmakingsculpturemightinvolvemoreaconceptualshiftthanaphysicaltransformationofthematerialfromwhichitiscomposed. Theindividualpartsofasculpturewerenolongerunderstoodasnecessarilyfixedinrelationtooneanotherbutcouldbemadetochangepositionwithinaworkconstructedasamovingobject.
Text1 AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and60%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. AtthetimewhenthisarticlewaswrittenthesituationfordoctorsinPhiladelphiaseemedtobe
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. BymentioningdoubledippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
[A]Whyisforeigntext"renderedmeaningless"whenpassedthroughanonlinetranslationtoolAccordingtoSabineReulwhorunsaFrankfurt-basedtranslationcompanytranslationtoolshavelimitedusesandproblemsarisewhenwebusersexpecttoomuchfromthem."Atranslationtoolworksforsomethings"saysReul."SayaBritishcompanywantstoorderaboxofscrewsfromaGermansupplier.AsentencelikeWeneedoneboxofacertaintypeofscrew’issomethingthatamachinecouldtranslatereasonablyaccurately--thoughprimitively." [B]Yetwhenitcomestotranslatingblocksoftext-wordsandsentencesthatconveythoughtsandsentimentsonlinetoolsareboundtofailsheadds."Beyondsimplesentencestheonlineprocesssimplydoesn’tworkbecausemachinesdon’tunderstandgrammarandsemanticsnevermindidiomandstyle.""Languageisnotasystemofsignsinthemechanicalsenseoftheword"saysReul."Itisalivingmediumthatisusedtoconveythought.Andthatiswheremachinesfail.Humaninputisindispensableaslongascomputerscannotthink."Reulandothertranslatorslookforwardtothedaywhenclevercomputersmighthelptoeasetheirworkload--butthattimehasnotarrivedyet. [C]EarlierthismonththesmallGermantownofHomberg-an-der-EfzenorthofFrankfurthadtopulpanentireprintrunofitsEnglish-languagetourismbrochureafterofficialsusedanInternettranslatingtooltotranslatetheGermantext.Accordingtoonereportthebrochurewas"renderedmeaningless"bytheonlinetool.MartinWagnermayorofHomberg-an-der-Efzeadmitsthatthetownmadea"blunder".AsaresultofofficialstryingtosavemoneybygettingtheInternettodoatranslator’sjobatotalof7500brochureshadtobebinned. [D]"Itwouldbeniceifcomputerscoulddothejob.Andcertainlythequestformachinetranslationhaspromptedalotoflinguisticresearchthatmayprovevaluableinunforeseenways.Butexperiencetodateconfirmsthateventhemostsubtlecomputerprogramdoesn’tthinkandyouneedtobeabletothinkinordertotranslate." [E]Thisstoryhighlightssomeofthepitfallsoftranslatingonline.Therearemanyinstanttranslationtoolsonthewebbuttheyarebestusedforindividualwordsandshortphrasesratherthanforbrochuresbooksoranythingcomplex.Forexampleoneofthejoysofthewebisthatitgrantsyouaccesstoanarrayofforeignnewssources.Yetifyouweretouseatranslationtooltotrytomakesenseofsuchreportsyoucouldendupwitharatherskewedandsurrealviewoftheworld. [F]Untilthedawnofthinkingcomputersonlinetranslationtoolsarebestreservedforwordsbasicsentencesandusefulholidayphrase.Fortourismbrochuresnewspaperreportsandtherestyouwillhavetorelyonsomeold-fashioned"humaninput". [G]Relyingononlinetranslationtoolscanbeariskybusinessespeciallyifyouexpecttoomuchofit.Forthetimebeingmighttranslationbesomethingbestlefttothehumans Order: 43
PartA Directions.. SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanonthecampus.YouareeagertojoinsomeschoolassociationsattheuniversitysoyoudecidetowritealettertoPresidentofStudentUnionto Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text1 AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and60%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoldmanSachs'sopinionisoneof
Text2 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. ThechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewillleavetheissueofINSunsettledbecause
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text1 AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and60%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Somepeopleexpectedshort-terminterestratestojumpsoonbecausethey
[A]Whyisforeigntext"renderedmeaningless"whenpassedthroughanonlinetranslationtoolAccordingtoSabineReulwhorunsaFrankfurt-basedtranslationcompanytranslationtoolshavelimitedusesandproblemsarisewhenwebusersexpecttoomuchfromthem."Atranslationtoolworksforsomethings"saysReul."SayaBritishcompanywantstoorderaboxofscrewsfromaGermansupplier.AsentencelikeWeneedoneboxofacertaintypeofscrew’issomethingthatamachinecouldtranslatereasonablyaccurately--thoughprimitively." [B]Yetwhenitcomestotranslatingblocksoftext-wordsandsentencesthatconveythoughtsandsentimentsonlinetoolsareboundtofailsheadds."Beyondsimplesentencestheonlineprocesssimplydoesn’tworkbecausemachinesdon’tunderstandgrammarandsemanticsnevermindidiomandstyle.""Languageisnotasystemofsignsinthemechanicalsenseoftheword"saysReul."Itisalivingmediumthatisusedtoconveythought.Andthatiswheremachinesfail.Humaninputisindispensableaslongascomputerscannotthink."Reulandothertranslatorslookforwardtothedaywhenclevercomputersmighthelptoeasetheirworkload--butthattimehasnotarrivedyet. [C]EarlierthismonththesmallGermantownofHomberg-an-der-EfzenorthofFrankfurthadtopulpanentireprintrunofitsEnglish-languagetourismbrochureafterofficialsusedanInternettranslatingtooltotranslatetheGermantext.Accordingtoonereportthebrochurewas"renderedmeaningless"bytheonlinetool.MartinWagnermayorofHomberg-an-der-Efzeadmitsthatthetownmadea"blunder".AsaresultofofficialstryingtosavemoneybygettingtheInternettodoatranslator’sjobatotalof7500brochureshadtobebinned. [D]"Itwouldbeniceifcomputerscoulddothejob.Andcertainlythequestformachinetranslationhaspromptedalotoflinguisticresearchthatmayprovevaluableinunforeseenways.Butexperiencetodateconfirmsthateventhemostsubtlecomputerprogramdoesn’tthinkandyouneedtobeabletothinkinordertotranslate." [E]Thisstoryhighlightssomeofthepitfallsoftranslatingonline.Therearemanyinstanttranslationtoolsonthewebbuttheyarebestusedforindividualwordsandshortphrasesratherthanforbrochuresbooksoranythingcomplex.Forexampleoneofthejoysofthewebisthatitgrantsyouaccesstoanarrayofforeignnewssources.Yetifyouweretouseatranslationtooltotrytomakesenseofsuchreportsyoucouldendupwitharatherskewedandsurrealviewoftheworld. [F]Untilthedawnofthinkingcomputersonlinetranslationtoolsarebestreservedforwordsbasicsentencesandusefulholidayphrase.Fortourismbrochuresnewspaperreportsandtherestyouwillhavetorelyonsomeold-fashioned"humaninput". [G]Relyingononlinetranslationtoolscanbeariskybusinessespeciallyifyouexpecttoomuchofit.Forthetimebeingmighttranslationbesomethingbestlefttothehumans Order: 45
Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Itseemsthattheauthorisverycriticalof
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text4 PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay. ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranas"areformerwithresult."ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities＆ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact. Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery. AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill."Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistake"saysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15"dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop." ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC. Whattheauthorwantstosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
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