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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the picture, 2)...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelationsthewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 6
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 16
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyaclassicnegotiatingerrorParagraph2
Arecentbodyofeconomicliteraturesupportsthenotionthattheself-employedaremoresatisfiedwiththeirjobsthanareemployees.TheresearchfindsthistobetrueacrossmostOECDcountrieswithAustriaFinlandandGreecethemajorexceptions. HoweverinSelf-Employment:MoreMayNotBeBetterNBERWorkingPaperNo.10286NBERResearchAssociateDavidBlanchflowerdistinguishesanumberoflessdesirableaspectsofbeingself-employedwhichdonotappeartohavebeenquantifiedpreviously.46Hisstudyhelpstoexplainwhysomanyofthosewhoexpressadesiretobecomeself-employedarefrustratedinthatdesireformanyreasonincludingthedifficultyinobtainingcapital. Blanchflowerfindsthatself-employmentratesaregenerallydownacrosstheOECD.ThemainexceptionsaretheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.Thestrongpatternsevidentinthedataacrosscountriesshowthattheprobabilityofbeingself-employedacrosstheOECDishigherformenandforolderworkersascomparedwithyoungerworkers.47InEuropetheprobabilitiesofbeingself-employedarelowerthemoreeducatedanindividualiswhiletheoppositeistrueintheUnitedStates.Somegroupsofimmigrantsalsohavehigherratesofself-employmentthantheindigenouspopulation. CapitalconstraintsappeartobindespeciallytightlyintheUnitedStatesforfirmsownedbyminoritiesandwomen.Thelowratesofself-employmentofblacksandHispanicsintheUnitedStatesappearinparttobedrivenbyliquidityconstraints.ThereisevidencethatliquidityconstraintsarefeltinothercountriesaswellincludingtheUnitedKingdomFinlandAustraliaCanadaandSweden. 48Healsosuggeststhatpeoplemayhaveanunrealisticallyrosyviewofwhatitisliketoruntheirownbusinessratherthanstayingwiththecomparativesecurityofbeinganemployee.Asurprisinglyhighproportionofemployeessaytheywouldprefertobeself-employed. 49Despitethefactthatveryhighproportionsofemployeessaytheywouldliketosetuptheirownbusinesstherealityisquitedifferent.Theevidenceinthispapersuggeststhatpeoplemaywellbeabletojudgewhatisintheirownbestinterestwhichispreciselywhytheyremainasemployees.50Theself-employedworkunderalotofpressure;theyreportthattheyfindtheirworkstressful;theycomehomefromworkexhaustedandareconstantlyunderstrain;theylosesleepduetoworry;andtheyplacemoreweightonworkthantheydoonleisure.Howevertheyarealsoespeciallylikelytosaythattheyhavecontrolovertheirlivesandtoreportahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirlives.Beingself-employedisdifficultandappearstorequireraretalents;Blanchflowerconcludesthatselfemploymentisnotforeveryone. 48
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 2
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Bymentioningdouble-dippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 46
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 10
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 4
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.ItcanbeinferredfromthattextthatTonyBlair
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.AccordingtothetexttheSupremeCourtruledthat
Arecentbodyofeconomicliteraturesupportsthenotionthattheself-employedaremoresatisfiedwiththeirjobsthanareemployees.TheresearchfindsthistobetrueacrossmostOECDcountrieswithAustriaFinlandandGreecethemajorexceptions. HoweverinSelf-Employment:MoreMayNotBeBetterNBERWorkingPaperNo.10286NBERResearchAssociateDavidBlanchflowerdistinguishesanumberoflessdesirableaspectsofbeingself-employedwhichdonotappeartohavebeenquantifiedpreviously.46Hisstudyhelpstoexplainwhysomanyofthosewhoexpressadesiretobecomeself-employedarefrustratedinthatdesireformanyreasonincludingthedifficultyinobtainingcapital. Blanchflowerfindsthatself-employmentratesaregenerallydownacrosstheOECD.ThemainexceptionsaretheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.Thestrongpatternsevidentinthedataacrosscountriesshowthattheprobabilityofbeingself-employedacrosstheOECDishigherformenandforolderworkersascomparedwithyoungerworkers.47InEuropetheprobabilitiesofbeingself-employedarelowerthemoreeducatedanindividualiswhiletheoppositeistrueintheUnitedStates.Somegroupsofimmigrantsalsohavehigherratesofself-employmentthantheindigenouspopulation. CapitalconstraintsappeartobindespeciallytightlyintheUnitedStatesforfirmsownedbyminoritiesandwomen.Thelowratesofself-employmentofblacksandHispanicsintheUnitedStatesappearinparttobedrivenbyliquidityconstraints.ThereisevidencethatliquidityconstraintsarefeltinothercountriesaswellincludingtheUnitedKingdomFinlandAustraliaCanadaandSweden. 48Healsosuggeststhatpeoplemayhaveanunrealisticallyrosyviewofwhatitisliketoruntheirownbusinessratherthanstayingwiththecomparativesecurityofbeinganemployee.Asurprisinglyhighproportionofemployeessaytheywouldprefertobeself-employed. 49Despitethefactthatveryhighproportionsofemployeessaytheywouldliketosetuptheirownbusinesstherealityisquitedifferent.Theevidenceinthispapersuggeststhatpeoplemaywellbeabletojudgewhatisintheirownbestinterestwhichispreciselywhytheyremainasemployees.50Theself-employedworkunderalotofpressure;theyreportthattheyfindtheirworkstressful;theycomehomefromworkexhaustedandareconstantlyunderstrain;theylosesleepduetoworry;andtheyplacemoreweightonworkthantheydoonleisure.Howevertheyarealsoespeciallylikelytosaythattheyhavecontrolovertheirlivesandtoreportahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirlives.Beingself-employedisdifficultandappearstorequireraretalents;Blanchflowerconcludesthatselfemploymentisnotforeveryone. 50
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 8
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 50
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 18
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 20
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.ThewordrampagingPara2denotes
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.BesidesapplyingforbreathingspacefromcreditorsmanagersinAmericanfirmscanalso
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence.[ A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 44
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. 48
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 14
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.OneofgoalssetbytheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitisto
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourpointofview. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 12
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence.[ A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 42
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