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甲夜人民宅行窃，被主人发现，甲即将主人打昏，携带赃物逃出后，唯恐主人醒后报案，又返回将主人杀死。甲的行为构成
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甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物潜逃价值1000余元乙紧追不舍甲见一商店旁有辆未熄火摩托车车主丙正
抢劫罪
抢夺罪
盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
某日15周岁的甲和18周岁的乙共谋行窃在乙负责入室行窃甲负责在外望风但是不慎被主人发现乙迅速逃离甲在
甲的行为应当认定为盗窃未遂
甲的行为应当认定为故意伤害
甲的行为不负刑事责任
甲的行为构成抢劫罪
甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物价值1000余元潜逃乙紧追不舍甲见一商店旁有辆未熄火摩托车车主丙正
抢劫罪
抢夺罪
盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
甲夜入民宅行窃被主人发现用木棍将主人打昏携带赃物逃走后唯恐主人醒后报案又返回将主人杀死甲构成
抢劫罪
故意伤害罪、抢劫罪、故意杀人罪
故意杀人罪
抢劫罪和故意杀人罪
甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物潜逃价值1boo余元乙紧追不舍甲见一商店旁有辆未熄火摩托车车主丙正
抢劫罪
抢夺罪
盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
甲发现推摩托车的乙形迹可疑怀疑摩托车是乙盗窃得来的赃物当乙发动摩托车想骑走时甲走过去装着认识这辆车的
甲某夜人民宅行窃正在行窃之时被主人发现便用木棍将主人打昏携带赃物逃出随后又唯恐主人将自己认出又返回将
抢劫罪
故意杀人罪吸收了抢劫罪，从而只构成故意杀人罪
抢劫罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪
抢劫罪和故意杀人罪，应当数罪并罚
某晚甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物价值900余元逃跑乙紧追不舍甲见杂货店旁有一辆未熄火摩托车车主
盗窃罪
抢夺罪
故意伤害罪
抢劫罪
甲14岁乙15岁两人入户盗窃2000元后被主人发现甲乙两人将主人打成重伤后逃跑请问甲乙两人是否构成转
以下情形对甲应以抢劫罪论处的有
甲入户盗窃被户主乙发现，将乙打昏后逃走
甲盗窃被乙发现，甲逃跑，乙未追上。某日，乙在路上遇见甲，欲抓甲，甲拔出匕首威胁乙，乙未敢追赶，甲又逃走
某市因土地征收发生骚乱，甲召集多人乘乱打砸抢烧，造成较大经济损失
甲携带凶器，趁乙不备将其戴的金项链抢走
某晚甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物价值900余元逃跑乙紧迫不舍甲见杂货店旁有一辆未熄火摩托车车主
抢劫罪
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盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
甲于深夜到某办公大楼行窃时被保安王某发现王某拦住甲甲将王某打昏致其轻伤随后逃跑甲的行为应认定为
入户盗窃
犯罪既遂
故意伤害罪
抢劫罪
某晚甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携带所窃赃物价值900余元逃跑乙紧追不舍甲见杂货店旁有一辆未熄火摩托车车
抢劫罪
抢夺罪
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故意伤害罪
某甲深夜潜入某仓库盗窃被值班人员发现他立即用木棍将值班人员打昏携带赃物逃出仓库后甲又唯恐值班人员苏醒
抢劫罪
盗窃罪、故意伤害罪，应从一重罪处断
盗窃罪、故意杀人罪，应数罪并罚
抢劫罪、故意杀人罪，应数罪并罚
甲某夜入民宅行窃正在行窃之时被主人发现便用木棍将主人打昏携带赃物逃出随后又唯恐主人将自己认出又返回将
抢劫罪
故意杀人罪吸收了抢劫罪，从而只构成故意杀人罪
抢劫罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪
抢劫罪和故意杀人罪，应当数罪并罚
某晚甲潜入乙家中行窃被乙发现后携所窃赃物价值900余元逃跑乙紧迫不舍甲见杂货店旁有辆未熄火摩托车车主
抢劫罪
抢夺罪
盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
某晚甲潜入乙家中行窃被发现后携所窃赃物价值900余元逃跑乙紧追不舍甲见杂货店旁有一辆未熄火摩托车车主
抢劫罪
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盗窃罪
故意伤害罪
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Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureoftheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfiltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsicandconsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogresshemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmantostudynatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethat’theirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencethestudyof______.
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.ChildhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfectionsaidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixingDickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.Whofirsthintedatthepossiblecauseofchildhoodleukaemiabyinfection
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 11
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 9
DespiteDenmark’smanifestvirtuesDanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmarkTheyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininessitsunimportancethedifficultyofitslanguagethegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintireeyeandsayDenmarkisagreatcountry.You’resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynetwherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalitiesandthereisplentyofmoneyforschoolsdaycareretrainingprogramsjobseminars.Danesloveseminars:Threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglishinadvertisingpopmusictheInternetanddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs--thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit--olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.ItisthelandwhereasthesayinggoesFewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittleandaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevailswherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgazewhereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusageevenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecyclers--about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew--andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers--abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysaysDenmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountrieswithvirtuallynopollutioncrimeorpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernhemisphere.Soofcourseone’sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildingsForeignersoutofDenmark!brokenbeerbottlesintheguttersdrunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonethelessitisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtownitcomestoanendatastonewallandontheothersideisafieldofbarleyanicecleanline:townherecountrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochangeevenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.HoweverDanesdon’tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-2-am.-for-the-green-lightpeople--that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.DanesseethemselvesasjazzypeopleimprovisersmorefreespiritedthanSwedesbutthetruthisthoughoneshouldnotsayitthatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresourceslimitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabrokerbankeranddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagenandthesebrightyoungEnglish-speakingutterlyhonesthighlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinaviatheBalticStatesandRussia.Airportsseaportshighwaysandraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormineandnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenshipandyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou’reentitledtoyou’reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryonethebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjobthestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaDanishcharacteristiccitedinthepassage
DespiteDenmark’smanifestvirtuesDanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmarkTheyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininessitsunimportancethedifficultyofitslanguagethegeneralsmall-mindednessandself-indulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintireeyeandsayDenmarkisagreatcountry.You’resupposedtofigurethisoutforyourself.Itisthelandofthesilksafetynetwherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalitiesandthereisplentyofmoneyforschoolsdaycareretrainingprogramsjobseminars.Danesloveseminars:Threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglishinadvertisingpopmusictheInternetanddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs--thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit--olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.ItisthelandwhereasthesayinggoesFewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittleandaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevailswherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgazewhereSirandMadamehavedisappearedfromcommonusageevenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecyclers--about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew--andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.Suchanationofoverachievers--abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysaysDenmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountrieswithvirtuallynopollutioncrimeorpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernhemisphere.Soofcourseone’sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildingsForeignersoutofDenmark!brokenbeerbottlesintheguttersdrunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.Nonethelessitisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtownitcomestoanendatastonewallandontheothersideisafieldofbarleyanicecleanline:townherecountrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochangeevenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.HoweverDanesdon’tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-2-am.-for-the-green-lightpeople--that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.DanesseethemselvesasjazzypeopleimprovisersmorefreespiritedthanSwedesbutthetruthisthoughoneshouldnotsayitthatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresourceslimitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabrokerbankeranddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagenandthesebrightyoungEnglish-speakingutterlyhonesthighlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinaviatheBalticStatesandRussia.Airportsseaportshighwaysandraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormineandnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenshipandyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou’reentitledtoyou’reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryonethebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjobthestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytoweatherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.AccordingtothepassageDanishorderliness______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 13
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 45
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecauseit______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 17
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.ChildhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfectionsaidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixingDickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm. TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient. 47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise. 48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected. Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome. Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek. I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.19
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 43
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 3
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 1
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtaboutmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomesLaterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandplacesinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogooutpaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Thepassagetellsusthatthearrivaloftheindustrialagemeantthat______.
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Atthepresenttimeexperimentsarebeingconductedin______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 19
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 15
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtaboutmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomesLaterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandplacesinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogooutpaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Whatideadidtheauthorderivefromtherecentopinionpolls
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Onecharacteristicofweathermapsnotmentionedbytheauthorinthispassageis______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 5
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureoftheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfiltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsicandconsubstantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogresshemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmantostudynatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethat’theirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.TheauthorpointsoutthattheGreekswhostudiesconicsection______.
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 41
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 7
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowanunwillinggeneralagreementthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtaboutmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadiscouragingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomesLaterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandplacesinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Itbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogooutpaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheimpracticalgoalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
Directions:SupposeyoulivedattheRehabilitationCenterandwereundertendercare.Youwritealettertoextendyourthankstoyourstaff’sconsideration.Beginyourletterasfollows:DearstaffYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameusingLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm. TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient. 47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise. 48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected. Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome. Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek. Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome.
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.ChildhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfectionsaidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixingDickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.Thispassageismainlyabout______.
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