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Text 4 "It is always better to buy a house; paying rent is like pouring money down the drain." ...
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Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheologythestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovementtheacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturiesarethecommonaimsattitudesandmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnettodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance.ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudesthemostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributeshecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGoditpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoningfaithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian’sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcenturyScholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.NonethelessthroughouttheScholasticperiodphilosophywascalledtheservantoftheologynotonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheologybutalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanishArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroes.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyservedhenceasimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroe’smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradictatleastverballytheteachingsofIslamictheology.AsaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreasontheScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholasticssuchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselmdidnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.LaterattheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticismtheItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobediscussedinthepartsucceedingthistext
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.ThefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. Hondaismentionedinthesecondparagraphtosuggestthat
UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 45
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 43
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. ThephraseHubbert'sPeakLine9Paragraph1hererefersto
UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 41
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ByusingthewordcorrelatesLine7Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
Directions:OnyourwayfromBeijingtoParisyoulostyourluggagecarriedbytheairline.WriteacomplaintlettertotheservicecenteroftheAirline.Inyourletteryoushouldtellthem1whathappenedtoyourluggage2whatyourluggageislike3whatcompensationyouexpect.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.Accordingtotheauthorthereasonwhyparentaldivorcehasgreatereffectonboysthanongirlsisthat
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. Toknowwhatisexactlyhappeningontheroadswedon'tneedto
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingtherecentdiscoveriesaremodest
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 41
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Whyaresomemajoroilcompaniesmentionedinthefirstparagraph
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. ThehistoryofNorwalkvirustellsusthat
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. Theuseofmobile-phonesignalsinmonitoringtrafficis
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. AccordingtothepassageCDCisanorganizationthat
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. Whatcanwegetfromthelastparagraph
Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
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