首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET g. Do not sign your own name at the end of the lett...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions: Beforeyouleaveuniversityyouwanttosell
Directions: Anewdrughasbeendevelopedandyouareaske
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
Directions:SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXi
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsig
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsig
Directions: SupposeyouareZhangYing.Writealetterto
Directions: Youaretheorganizerofatourandyoushould
Directions: Writealetterinreplytoafriend’sinquiry
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsi
PartA Directions: Youaretheorganizerofatourandyou
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsig
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.Donotsig
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points
Directions: SupposeyouareZhangYing.Writealetterto
PartA Directions: Supposeyouareaneyewitnessofatra
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.Donotsig
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsig
1detailsaboutwhatyouaregoingtodo; 2whenandwhereyo
1askforsomeinformationaboutwhetheryoushouldjoinsom
热门试题
更多
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 3
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 43
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 47
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 11
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 5
Text1 TheEuropeanUnion’sBareelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope-themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawellflaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace". Whatistheattitudeoftheminorityofcommissionerstowardsthere-regulationofEurope'sjobmarket
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 7
Text4 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberllthattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. Mr.Bush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheeonsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.Mr.Ziglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. WecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatINS
Text4 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberllthattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. Mr.Bush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheeonsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.Mr.Ziglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 9
Text3 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublictransportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmenttraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.Mr.Barneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMr.BarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. Theauthor'spresentationofAtlantans'car-dependenceismeant
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 49
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoneyIIMaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethanllmacresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfor.theoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.Ms.NortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoneyIIMaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethanllmacresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfor.theoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.Ms.NortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. Whenmentioningthegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000thewriteristryingtoillustrate
Text3 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublictransportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmenttraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.Mr.Barneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMr.BarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. Whichofthefollowingisnotpartoftheanti-sprawlmovementasplannedbygovernorRoyBarnes
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 19
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 47
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 1
Text1 TheEuropeanUnion’sBareelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope-themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawellflaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace". AccordingtothosewhosupporttheliberalizationofEurope'senergymarketsenergysupplymonopolyisunlikelyonthegroundsthat
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 45
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 17
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 13
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 15
Text3 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublictransportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmenttraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.Mr.Barneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMr.BarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext
Text1 TheEuropeanUnion’sBareelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope-themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawellflaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace". WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 49
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 41
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号