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__提出的工农武装割据思想主要是指
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. IndiscussingthesubjectmatterofSFtheauthorfocuseson
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
三个代表重要思想深化了对中国特色社会主义的认识表现在
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
中共十六届三中全会指出坚持以人为本树立全面协调可持续的发展观促进经济社会和人的全面发展 试用马克思主义哲学原理分析说明 1我们党提出的科学发展观的哲学理论根据和现实意义 2为什么以人为本是科学发展观的本质与核心并说明以人为本思想与三个代表重要思想的内在联系以及坚持以人为本的现实意义
资本主义经济危机的重要作用是
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
过渡时期的总路线是一体两翼的总路线其中两翼是指
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordlibelParagraph8
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum. Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight. DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound. NeilKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.’AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages. Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC. Towardseuro’screepintoBritisheconomytheviewsofNeilKinnockandDavidSouthwellare
马克思指出一个社会即使探索到了本身运动的自然规律它还是既不能跳过也不能用法令取消自然的发展阶段但是它能缩短和减轻分娩的痛苦这表明
党的十六届四中全会提出以加强党的执政能力建设为重点全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程 请试析加强党的执政能力建设提高党的领导水平和执政水平的理论依据客观依据主要任务和重要意义并根据实际说明应该怎样加强党的执政能力建设
材料1 利比亚2003年保证放弃其非常规武器计划布什说现在没有人能够怀疑美国的话由于美国的领导作用和决心世界正在变得更好 ——摘自2004年1月20日法新社会华盛顿电 材料2 伊拉克问题加剧了关于联合国未来在国际政治中发挥什么作用这一问题的争论在伊拉克战争爆发前和战后有些人想把对联合国作用的批评引向深入为什么要赋予一个多数成员国都不是民主国家的组织来决定作用武力打击__者的合法性权力如果以美国为首的一个民主国家联盟采取这种行动其合法性难道就得不到很好的保证 ——摘自2003年德国外交学会国际政治季刊夏季号 根据上述材料分析冷战后美国全球战略与联合国地位作用之间的关系
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt’sdecision
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. Theoveralltoneofthepieceofwritingcanbestbedescribedas
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgettingPerhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereignfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorchurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order: 42
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitWon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum. Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight. DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound. NeilKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.’AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages. Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC. ThewordcheerleaderParagraph4canbestbereplacedby
我们党要始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求就是党的理论路线纲领方针政策和各项工作
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends. AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur. Inperformingthis"whatif..."functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety. MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture--consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection. Accordingtothelastparagraphself-fulfillingistoself-avoidingas
EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. ItcanbeinferredthathenEINinoandLaNinaoccurssimultaneously
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