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求函数的麦克劳林展开式。
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在二项式n的展开式中1若展开式中第5项第6项与第7项的二项式系数成等差数列求展开式中二项式系数最大的
在二项式的展开式中前三项系数的绝对值成等差数列1求展开式的常数项2求展开式中二项式系数最大的项3求展
当时函数的麦克劳林展开式正确的是
A
B
C
D
对于二项式1－x10求1展开式的中间项是第几项写出这一项2求展开式中除常数项外其余各项的系数和3写出
在的展开式中前三项的系数成等差数列Ⅰ求展开式中含有的项的系数Ⅱ求展开式中的有理项
当时函数的麦克劳林展开式正确的是
A
B
C
D
求函数的麦克劳林展开式
周期信号的频谱图有何特点其傅里叶级数三角函数展开式与复指数函数展开式的频谱有何特点
求函数的麦克劳林展开式
当x
在二项式的展开式中前三项系数的绝对值成等差数列1求展开式的常数项2求展开式中二项式系数最大的项3求展
已知的展开式中只有第六项的二项式系数最大1求该展开式中常数项2求展开式中系数最大的项为第几项
已知二项式展开式中各项系数之和是各项二项式系数之和的16倍1求n;2求展开式中二项式系数最大的项;3
若的展开式中前三项系数成等差数列求1展开式中含的一次幂的项2展开式中所有的有理项3展开式中系数最大的
求函数的麦克劳林展开式.
已知二项式的展开式的二项式系数和为128.1求n的值2求该二项展开式的各项的系数和3求该二项展开式的
在二项式的展开式中1若展开式中第5项第6项与第7项的二项式系数成等差数列求展开式中二项式系数最大的项
函数fx=ln3-2x-x2的麦克劳林展开式为______．
在二项式的展开式中前三项系数的绝对值成等差数列1求展开式的二项式系数和2求展开式中二项式系数最大的项
求函数的麦克劳林展开式．
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ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 8
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythecustodialrhetoricofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth.ThecustodialrhetoricmentionedinParagraph3refersto______.
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythecustodialrhetoricofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthemainfactorcontributedtothebabyboom
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 10
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview. SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting: 41.Yourresumeismeaningless. Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone. 42.Don’tgetlostinHR. Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible. 43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview. Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors. Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou. "Acompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejob"Corcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork. 44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork. Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario. 45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany. Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess. Onceyougetthatoffer"Youhavethepower"saysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany. [A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer. [B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:"Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall." [C]"MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaper"Corcodilossays."Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager. [D]"Attheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithit"Corcodilossays."Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany." [E]"Theguy’sjawwasonthefloor"Corcodilossays."HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours." [F]"Aresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganization"Corcodilossays."That’snowaytosellyourself." [G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 44
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat______.
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 46
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourpointofviewwithanexampleexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Wecanlearnfromparagraph3that______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 2
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 18
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 20
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.MeKendrickhasexploredtheWedgewoodFirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery.Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefeatofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotivesAndwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuriesAnanswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandserviceactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.MeKendriekfavorsaViablemodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.Themiddlingsortboughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMeKendriekclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteriesandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossiMeGohavethepsychologyandrealityofconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandinthetenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.TheauthorusestheexampleintheendofParagraph2to______.
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.MeKendrickhasexploredtheWedgewoodFirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery.Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefeatofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotivesAndwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuriesAnanswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandserviceactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.MeKendriekfavorsaViablemodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.Themiddlingsortboughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMeKendriekclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteriesandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossiMeGohavethepsychologyandrealityofconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandinthetenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofMcKendrick’sclaimabouttheluxuryconsumptionconsequences
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 48
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview. SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting: 41.Yourresumeismeaningless. Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone. 42.Don’tgetlostinHR. Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible. 43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview. Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors. Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou. "Acompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejob"Corcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork. 44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork. Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario. 45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany. Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess. Onceyougetthatoffer"Youhavethepower"saysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany. [A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer. [B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:"Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall." [C]"MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaper"Corcodilossays."Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager. [D]"Attheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithit"Corcodilossays."Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany." [E]"Theguy’sjawwasonthefloor"Corcodilossays."HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours." [F]"Aresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganization"Corcodilossays."That’snowaytosellyourself." [G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 42
ThesearehardtimesforDeutseheBankdespiteitshugestridesininvestmentbanking.NextweekitschiefexecutiveJosefAckermangoesontrialinDusseldorf.CarelesswordsbyRolfBreuertheheadofitssupervisoryboardledtoanothercourtrulinglastmonththatmaycostGermany’sbiggestbankseveralhundredmillioneurosindamages.ThenthereisParmalat.AlthoughnoevidencehasemergedofcomplicityintheItaliandairygroup’sfraudDeutsche’snamehasbecomeentwinedintheaffair.InmanyotherrespectshoweverDeutsche’sreputationhasneverbeenhigher.IndubbingitBankoftheYear2003InternationalFinancingReviewthecapitalmarkets’favoritenewssheetpurredthatDeutschewasaleanaggressivefocuseduniversalbankIntheleaguetablesthatinvestmentbankswatchsokeenlyDeutscheexcelledlastyearasleadmanagerofbondsandconvertiblebondsandofsomeracierproductssuchasrepackageddebtsecuritiesandhigh-yieldjunkbonds.Inotherdisciplinesitrarelyfellbelowthetoptenintheworld.HoweveritisstillnowherenearthetopinequityofferingsandadviceonmergersandacquisitionsexceptinGermany.Itstillhasaproblemwithcostswhichwereafat82%ofincomeinthethirdquarterof2003thanksmainlytothethickpaypacketsofitsinvestmentbankersanditspoorreturnsfromcorporateandretailbanking.Mr.AckermannmusttrytoimprovetheweakspotswhilespendingtwoclaysaweekprobablyuntilJuneinacourtroom.HeandfourothersfacechargesofbreachoftrustoverthewaybonuseswereawardedtoboardmeinbersofMannesmannatelecomscompany.Mr.AekermannsatonMannesmann’ssupervisoryboard.Thereisnosuggestionthathegainedpersonally.NorwasthereanyharmfulintentinMr.Breuer’sremarksinatelevisioninterviewaboutthefinancialhealthoftheKirchmediagroupshortlybeforeitsbankruptcy.ButhewascarelessandaMunichcourtfoundDeutschebutnotMr.Breuerliablefordamagestobesetinduecoursewithoutrightofappeal.ThebanksaidthisweekithaslodgedaprotestwiththefederalsupremecourtinKarlsruhe.MeanwhileKirchhasfiledasuitagainstDeutscheinAmerica.Deutsche’sinvolvementwithParmalatalsolookssloppy.Itleda350mbondissuefurthegroupinSeptember.ItwasalsoaleadingborrowerandlenderofParma[atsharessothatinNovemberittechnicallyheldthevotingrightstoover5%ofParmalatstock.Thatstakehadfallento1.5%byDecember19ththedaythedairycompany’sblackholebecamepublic.Itreportedthisperhapsover-zealouslytotheItalianauthorities.Thatmayhavegiventhewrongimpressionsaysourcesclosetothebankbecausethetransactionswereforthirdparties.Thisisawkwardforabankthatmanagedtoavoidmostseriousattacksonconflictsofinterestthaibesettheinvestment-bankingindustryfollowingthecollapseofEnronin2001andtheburstingofthetech-stockbubble.Mr.Ackermannwillneedaclearheadtosteerthebankthroughthecomingstorms.Accordingtothefourthparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrue
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayabout200wordsinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitssymbolicmeaningand 3giveyourcomment. YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 46
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 4
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 16
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythecustodialrhetoricofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
ThesearehardtimesforDeutseheBankdespiteitshugestridesininvestmentbanking.NextweekitschiefexecutiveJosefAckermangoesontrialinDusseldorf.CarelesswordsbyRolfBreuertheheadofitssupervisoryboardledtoanothercourtrulinglastmonththatmaycostGermany’sbiggestbankseveralhundredmillioneurosindamages.ThenthereisParmalat.AlthoughnoevidencehasemergedofcomplicityintheItaliandairygroup’sfraudDeutsche’snamehasbecomeentwinedintheaffair.InmanyotherrespectshoweverDeutsche’sreputationhasneverbeenhigher.IndubbingitBankoftheYear2003InternationalFinancingReviewthecapitalmarkets’favoritenewssheetpurredthatDeutschewasaleanaggressivefocuseduniversalbankIntheleaguetablesthatinvestmentbankswatchsokeenlyDeutscheexcelledlastyearasleadmanagerofbondsandconvertiblebondsandofsomeracierproductssuchasrepackageddebtsecuritiesandhigh-yieldjunkbonds.Inotherdisciplinesitrarelyfellbelowthetoptenintheworld.HoweveritisstillnowherenearthetopinequityofferingsandadviceonmergersandacquisitionsexceptinGermany.Itstillhasaproblemwithcostswhichwereafat82%ofincomeinthethirdquarterof2003thanksmainlytothethickpaypacketsofitsinvestmentbankersanditspoorreturnsfromcorporateandretailbanking.Mr.AckermannmusttrytoimprovetheweakspotswhilespendingtwoclaysaweekprobablyuntilJuneinacourtroom.HeandfourothersfacechargesofbreachoftrustoverthewaybonuseswereawardedtoboardmeinbersofMannesmannatelecomscompany.Mr.AekermannsatonMannesmann’ssupervisoryboard.Thereisnosuggestionthathegainedpersonally.NorwasthereanyharmfulintentinMr.Breuer’sremarksinatelevisioninterviewaboutthefinancialhealthoftheKirchmediagroupshortlybeforeitsbankruptcy.ButhewascarelessandaMunichcourtfoundDeutschebutnotMr.Breuerliablefordamagestobesetinduecoursewithoutrightofappeal.ThebanksaidthisweekithaslodgedaprotestwiththefederalsupremecourtinKarlsruhe.MeanwhileKirchhasfiledasuitagainstDeutscheinAmerica.Deutsche’sinvolvementwithParmalatalsolookssloppy.Itleda350mbondissuefurthegroupinSeptember.ItwasalsoaleadingborrowerandlenderofParma[atsharessothatinNovemberittechnicallyheldthevotingrightstoover5%ofParmalatstock.Thatstakehadfallento1.5%byDecember19ththedaythedairycompany’sblackholebecamepublic.Itreportedthisperhapsover-zealouslytotheItalianauthorities.Thatmayhavegiventhewrongimpressionsaysourcesclosetothebankbecausethetransactionswereforthirdparties.Thisisawkwardforabankthatmanagedtoavoidmostseriousattacksonconflictsofinterestthaibesettheinvestment-bankingindustryfollowingthecollapseofEnronin2001andtheburstingofthetech-stockbubble.Mr.Ackermannwillneedaclearheadtosteerthebankthroughthecomingstorms.Deutschebankdidnotmakemuchprofitduelargelyto______.
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 50
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 14
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 42
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 50
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 6
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 48
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