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结合所学知识和原理分析材料并回答问题。 运用所学知识分析下列命属： 资本主义的再生产过程主要是商品的再生产过程。
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资本主义再生产的特征是扩大再生产其主要原因不包括
资本的本质是
剩余价值率的公式是
在资本主义经济中劳动者出卖的是劳动力的
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. Intheeyesofthewritertheworseningatmosphereissomething
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Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.44
Text3 IfgoodintentiIfgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.onsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. Accordingtothetextwhatencouragesthewriteristhat
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. Thepassageshowsthatthewriteristhepresentsituation.
垄断资本主义国家的真正统治者是
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. ThewriterbelievesthattheRepublicPartyinfaceofthechallengefromitsopponentsshould
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. ThewordconnoisseursParagraph1mostprobablymeans
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 42
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Intheeyesofthewriterbankfailuresintheearly1930s
在资本主义社会中劳动力商品的最大特点是它的
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthistext
喻昌临证治疗单腹胀的特点
Directions: A.Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethecartoon 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3giveyourcomments.
试举二例说明历代医家学术思想与内经难经的密切关系
简述孙思邈研究伤寒的贡献
资本主义经济中绝对地租是指农产品的价值
当农业资本的有机构成高于工业资本有机构成时
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Theroleofcommercialbanksarebeingdramaticallymarginalizedbecause
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard
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