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Everybody dances. If you have (1) swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk, you hav...
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Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppin
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Everybodydances.Ifyouhave1swervedtoavoidsteppin
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IntheircountryAugust31stisanationalholiday________
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Youngpeopleintheearly1980saretakingonasetofattitudesandvaluesremarkablydifferentfromthoseofthestormy’60sand’70s.Insteadofanti-establishmentoutburststoday’syoungergenerationhadturnedmorethoughtfulandmoreserious.Thereisheightenedconcernforthefutureofthecountryandayearningforthetraditionsandsupportsystemsthatgavecomfortinthepast.ManyyoungmenandWomenofhigh-schoolandcollegeagearehavingsecondthoughtsaboutthenewmoralityandcondemnwhatasoaringdivorceratehasdonetofamilies.Theyspeakopenlyofgainingstrengthfromreligion.Patriotismtooseemstobemakingamodestcomeback.Onechangeintheearly1980sisaquestioningofthepermissivemoralclimateofrecentyears.Moreyoungpeoplewhilehesitanttopreachortocondemntheirpeerscitethedestructiveeffectsofthedrugsandalocoholthataresowidelyavailableintheschools.ItispeerpressurethatpushesteenagersintodrugsbutnowthehabitoftenisdroppedafterhighschoolaccordingtoDebbieBishopa22-year-oldsecretary.JamesElrodacollegejuniorinKentuckyalsoreportsthatuseofmarijuanaoncampushaslessened.ACornellUniversitylawstudentreflectstheviewsofmanywiththecomment:Ithinkthatdrugabuseisharmfultoyourownhealthandthosearoundyou.Butheadds:Drinkingisfineonlyaslongasit’snotdonetoexcess.Withtheaddedpressuresofamoreuncertainworldmostyoungpeoplestresstheimportanceofahealthyfamilylife.Yetastheylookatthefamily’sbreakupthathastakenplaceinthepastdecadetheyconcedethatthechallengeformanyistomakethebestofone-parentfamilies.TheAmericanfamilyisevolvingandchangingaccordingtoNinaMuleWomenaregoingoutintotheworldandhavingcareers.They’rebecomingmoreindependentinsteadofbeingtheburdenofthefamily.ButagreatneedremainsforafamilystructuresaysNinawhostillliveswithherparentsbecausepeoplehavetobeabletosurviveemotionally.InAtlanta18-year-oldLissJcinerfeelsstronglyaboutwhat’shappenedtothefamily.PeoplehaverealizedthatthefamilyhasdisintegratedshesaysButtoday’sfamily—particularlytheblackfamily—istryingtopullitselftogetherandbecomethestrongunitasitoncewas.AsimilarviewisexpressedbyasenioratBrighamYoungUniversity:Ahappyfamilymeanseverythingtome.IreadalotabouthowtheAmericanfamilyisfallingapart.ButIseelostsofstrongfamiliesaroundmeandthatmakesmeveryoptimistic./Howdoteenagersbegintotakedrugs
ThetemperatureoftheSunisover5000degreesFahrenheitatthesurfacebutitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.TheSunissomuchhotterthantheEarththatmattercanexistonlyasagasexceptatthecore.InthecoreoftheSunthepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthatdespitethehightemperaturetheremaybeasmallsolidcore.41__________. SolarastronomersdoknowthattheSunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.StartingattheoutsideandgoingdownintotheSunthezonesarethecoronachromospherephotosphereconvectionzoneandfinallythecore.42__________.Butsince’theSunhasnosolidsurfaceitishardtotellwheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyoftheSunbegins. 43__________.ThisistheonlypartoftheSunthatcanbeseenduringaneclipsesuchastheoneinFebruary1979.AtanyothertimethecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedoncamerasandtelescopestoshutouttheglareoftheSun’srays. 44__________.Itsbeautifulraysareasensationalsightduringaneclipse.Thecorona’sraysflashoutinabrilliantfanthathaswispyspikelikeraysneartheSun’snorthandsouthpoles.ThecoronaisthickestattheSun’sequator. Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardattremendousspeedsandreachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegreesFahrenheit.Theraysofgasthinoutastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.45__________. [A]BythetimetheSun’scoronaraysreachtheEarththeyareweakandinvisible. [B]TheSun’soutermostlayerbeingsabout10000milesabovethevisiblesurfaceandgoesoutwardformillionsofmiles. [C]Ifapersonweretostandonthesun’scoronatheywouldn’tburntheywouldfreezeinthenearvacuumofthecorona. [D]ThecoronaisabrilliantpearlywhitefilmylightaboutasbrightasthefullMoon. [E]ThefirstthreezonesareregardedastheSun’satmosphere. [F]HowevernoonereallyknowssincethecenteroftheSuncanneverbedirectlyobserved. [G]YoucanprobablyguessthattheSunisveryhotcomparedwithfamiliarthingsontheEarth. 44
ThedivorcerateinBritainhaslevelledoff—toroughlyonemarriageinthree—andshowsnosignofreachingthemuchhigherAmericanrateaccordingtothedemographers人口统计学者assembledinBathlastweekforaconferenceonthefamily.Therehasbeennoincreaseintherateinthelastthreeyearsandalthoughmanyexpectedittoriseafewmorepercentagepointsinthenextdecadenonebelieveditwouldreachthe50percentthatexistsinAmerica.Onereasonforthestabilizationsofdivorceisthereductionintheriskfactors—fewerteenagersmarryingfewerearlybirthsinmarriagefewerpre-marital婚前的conceptions.AnotherreasonwhichwasairedattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSocietyforPopulationStudieswastheincreaseincohabitation.Somespeakersarguedthattheincreaseincohabitationhasmeantthatmaritalcouplesarenowmuchmorefamiliarwitheachotherbeforemarriageandthereforelesslikelytoseparate.Oneoutoffourcoupleswhomarrytodayhavelivedtogetherandintheolderagegroupstheproportionismuchhigher.Some34percentofwomenagedover25whomarryhavecohabitedandover50percentofwomenwhoaremarryingadivorcedmanorwhohavebeendivorcedthemselvescohabitbeforemarriage.CohabitationinBritainhoweverisstillconsiderablylowerthaninmanyEuropeanstatesandwasdescribedbythedemographersasessentiallyapartofcontemporarycourtship.OnlyasmallproportionofpeoplewhocohabitedhadchildrenwhereasinSwedensome40percentofbirthswerenowoutsideformalmarriage.TheBritishratewas13percent.KathKiernanoftheCentreforPopulationStudiesnotedthatthepresentstatisticssuggestedthattherewasamarginallyhigherriskofseparationforcoupleswhohadcohabitedbutthiscouldpossiblybeexplainedbythefactthatthestatisticscoveredaperiodwhencohabitinghadnotbecomeassociallyacceptableasitwastoday.Athirdreasonwhythedemographersthoughtthedivorceratecouldstabilizewastheeconomicsqueeze利润等的缩减andtherecession暴跌whichwouldmeantherewaslessopportunitytoseparatebecauseofthelackofhousingandemployment.AllofthefollowingarethereasonsforlessdivorceEXCEPT______.
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd;forexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseemasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd;forexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseemasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
Undernormalconditionstheactofcommunicationrequiresthepresenceofatleasttwopersons:onewhosendsandonewhoreceivesthecommunication.Inordertocommunicatethoughtsandfeelingstheremustbeaconventionalsystemofsignsorsymbolswhichmeanthesametothesenderandthereceiver.Themeansofsendingcommunicationsaretoonumerousandvariedforasystematicclassification;thereforetheanalysismustbeginwiththemeansofreceivingcommunication.Receptionofcommunicationisachievedbyoursenses.Sighthearingandtouchplaythemostimportantroles.Smellandtasteplayverylimitedrolesfortheycannotreceiveintellectualexpressionfromfullydevelopedsystemsofsignsandsymbols.Examplesofvisualcommunicationaregestureandmimicry.Althoughbothfrequentlyaccompanyspeechtherearesystemsthatrelysolelyonsightsuchasthoseusedbydeafanddumbpersons.Anothermeansofcommunicatingvisuallyisbysignalsoffiresmokeflagsofflashinglights.Feelingsmaybesimplycommunicatedbytouchsuchasbyhandshakingorbackslappingalthoughahighlydevelopedsystemofhandstrokinghasenabledblinddeafanddumbpersonstocommunicateintelligently.Whistlingtosomeoneapplaudinginatheaterandotherformsofcommunicationbysoundrelyupontheearasareceiver.Themostfullydevelopedformofauditorycommunicationisofcoursethespokenlanguage.Themeansofcommunicationmentionedsofarhavetwofeaturesincommon:theylastonlyashorttimeandthepersoninvolvedmustberelativelyclosetoeachother.Thereforeallarerestrictedintimeandspace.Whydoestheauthorbeginhisanalysiswiththemeansofreceivingcommunicationratherthanthemeansofsendingcommunication
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd;forexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseemasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Clothesdecorationsphysiquehairandfacial1giveagreatdealofinformationaboutus.Forinstancewewearclothestokeepuswarm2unlikeanimalswedonothaveaprotective3ofhair.Butforthepurposeofcommunicationwedress4clothesofdifferentcoloursstyleandmaterial;wewearjewelleryandothervaluables;weusecosmeticsandperfume;we5beardsandsideburns;andwesmokepipesandcarrywalkingsticks. Strictrulesgoverntheclotheswewear.Wedonotwearfootballbootswithadinner-jacket6aboilersuittoworkinaninsuranceoffice.AclerkonWallStreetwillwearmoreformaldressthansomeoneina7jobinacountrytown.Fashionableandsmart8areassociatedwithgoodqualitiesandwell-dressedpeoplehavebeen9togetmorehelpandcooperationfrom10strangers.Forexampleawomanisoftengivenmore11ofhelpwithherbroken-downcarwhensheisdressedattractivelythanwhensheisdressedless12. Rebelsconsiderthemselvestobedifferentfromotherpeopleinsocietyandoften13theirphysicalappearancetoshowthis.InthelasttwodecadesinBritaintherehavebeenanumberof14movementswithdistinctuniforms.Hippiesdidnotjustwearsimpleclothesbutdressedinaparticularstylethatmadetheminstantly15. Butinourmodemsocietysomepeople16chooseparticularclothestoprojectthepersonalities.17typeswearbrightercoloursthanmorereservedpeople.Somepeoplewearodd18ofclothestoexpresstheirindividuality.Forexamplesomeone19giveanimpressionofhighsocialstatus20originandbadtemperbywearinganexpensivesuit. Readthefallowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. 18
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 14
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 20
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 18
Undernormalconditionstheactofcommunicationrequiresthepresenceofatleasttwopersons:onewhosendsandonewhoreceivesthecommunication.Inordertocommunicatethoughtsandfeelingstheremustbeaconventionalsystemofsignsorsymbolswhichmeanthesametothesenderandthereceiver.Themeansofsendingcommunicationsaretoonumerousandvariedforasystematicclassification;thereforetheanalysismustbeginwiththemeansofreceivingcommunication.Receptionofcommunicationisachievedbyoursenses.Sighthearingandtouchplaythemostimportantroles.Smellandtasteplayverylimitedrolesfortheycannotreceiveintellectualexpressionfromfullydevelopedsystemsofsignsandsymbols.Examplesofvisualcommunicationaregestureandmimicry.Althoughbothfrequentlyaccompanyspeechtherearesystemsthatrelysolelyonsightsuchasthoseusedbydeafanddumbpersons.Anothermeansofcommunicatingvisuallyisbysignalsoffiresmokeflagsofflashinglights.Feelingsmaybesimplycommunicatedbytouchsuchasbyhandshakingorbackslappingalthoughahighlydevelopedsystemofhandstrokinghasenabledblinddeafanddumbpersonstocommunicateintelligently.Whistlingtosomeoneapplaudinginatheaterandotherformsofcommunicationbysoundrelyupontheearasareceiver.Themostfullydevelopedformofauditorycommunicationisofcoursethespokenlanguage.Themeansofcommunicationmentionedsofarhavetwofeaturesincommon:theylastonlyashorttimeandthepersoninvolvedmustberelativelyclosetoeachother.Thereforeallarerestrictedintimeandspace.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthewaysofcommunicatingideasandfeelingsmentionedinthepassageisFALSE
Clothesdecorationsphysiquehairandfacial1giveagreatdealofinformationaboutus.Forinstancewewearclothestokeepuswarm2unlikeanimalswedonothaveaprotective3ofhair.Butforthepurposeofcommunicationwedress4clothesofdifferentcoloursstyleandmaterial;wewearjewelleryandothervaluables;weusecosmeticsandperfume;we5beardsandsideburns;andwesmokepipesandcarrywalkingsticks. Strictrulesgoverntheclotheswewear.Wedonotwearfootballbootswithadinner-jacket6aboilersuittoworkinaninsuranceoffice.AclerkonWallStreetwillwearmoreformaldressthansomeoneina7jobinacountrytown.Fashionableandsmart8areassociatedwithgoodqualitiesandwell-dressedpeoplehavebeen9togetmorehelpandcooperationfrom10strangers.Forexampleawomanisoftengivenmore11ofhelpwithherbroken-downcarwhensheisdressedattractivelythanwhensheisdressedless12. Rebelsconsiderthemselvestobedifferentfromotherpeopleinsocietyandoften13theirphysicalappearancetoshowthis.InthelasttwodecadesinBritaintherehavebeenanumberof14movementswithdistinctuniforms.Hippiesdidnotjustwearsimpleclothesbutdressedinaparticularstylethatmadetheminstantly15. Butinourmodemsocietysomepeople16chooseparticularclothestoprojectthepersonalities.17typeswearbrightercoloursthanmorereservedpeople.Somepeoplewearodd18ofclothestoexpresstheirindividuality.Forexamplesomeone19giveanimpressionofhighsocialstatus20originandbadtemperbywearinganexpensivesuit. Readthefallowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. 20
Idon’tknowwhyUFOsareneversightedoverlargecitiesbyhordesofpeople.Butitisconsistentwiththeideathattherearenospacevehiclesfromelsewhereinourskies.Isupposeitisalsoconsistentwiththeideasthatspacevehiclesfromelsewhereavoidlargecities.Howevertheprimaryargumentagainstrecentextraterrestrialvisitationistheabsenceofevidence.Takeleprechauns.Supposetherearefrequentreportsofleprechauns.BecauseImyselfamemotionallypredisposedinfavorofleprechaunsIwouldwanttochecktheevidenceespeciallycarefully.SupposeIfindthat500picnickersindependentlysawagreenblurintheforest.Terrific.ButsowhatThisisevidenceonlyforagreenblur.Maybeitwasafasthummingbird.Suchcasesarereliablebutnotparticularlyinteresting.Nowsupposethatsomeonereports:Iwaswalkingthroughtheforestandcameuponaconventionof7000leprechauns.WetalkedforawhileandIwastakendownintotheirholeinthegroundandshownpotsofgoldandfeatheredgreenhats.Iwillreply:Fabulous!WhoelsewentalongAndhewillsayNobodyorMyfishingpartner.Thisisacasethatisinterestingbutunreliable.Inacaseofsuchimportancetheuncorroboratedtestimonyofoneortwopeopleisalmostworthless.WhatIwantisforthe500picnickerstocomeuponthe7000leprechauns..orviceversa.ThesituationisthesamewithUFOs.Thereliablecasesareuninterestingandtheinterestingcasesareunreliable.Unfortunatelytherearenocasesthatarebothreliableandinteresting.AccordingtotheauthorleprechaunsarejustlikeUFOsbecause______.
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 8
Youngpeopleintheearly1980saretakingonasetofattitudesandvaluesremarkablydifferentfromthoseofthestormy’60sand’70s.Insteadofanti-establishmentoutburststoday’syoungergenerationhadturnedmorethoughtfulandmoreserious.Thereisheightenedconcernforthefutureofthecountryandayearningforthetraditionsandsupportsystemsthatgavecomfortinthepast.ManyyoungmenandWomenofhigh-schoolandcollegeagearehavingsecondthoughtsaboutthenewmoralityandcondemnwhatasoaringdivorceratehasdonetofamilies.Theyspeakopenlyofgainingstrengthfromreligion.Patriotismtooseemstobemakingamodestcomeback.Onechangeintheearly1980sisaquestioningofthepermissivemoralclimateofrecentyears.Moreyoungpeoplewhilehesitanttopreachortocondemntheirpeerscitethedestructiveeffectsofthedrugsandalocoholthataresowidelyavailableintheschools.ItispeerpressurethatpushesteenagersintodrugsbutnowthehabitoftenisdroppedafterhighschoolaccordingtoDebbieBishopa22-year-oldsecretary.JamesElrodacollegejuniorinKentuckyalsoreportsthatuseofmarijuanaoncampushaslessened.ACornellUniversitylawstudentreflectstheviewsofmanywiththecomment:Ithinkthatdrugabuseisharmfultoyourownhealthandthosearoundyou.Butheadds:Drinkingisfineonlyaslongasit’snotdonetoexcess.Withtheaddedpressuresofamoreuncertainworldmostyoungpeoplestresstheimportanceofahealthyfamilylife.Yetastheylookatthefamily’sbreakupthathastakenplaceinthepastdecadetheyconcedethatthechallengeformanyistomakethebestofone-parentfamilies.TheAmericanfamilyisevolvingandchangingaccordingtoNinaMuleWomenaregoingoutintotheworldandhavingcareers.They’rebecomingmoreindependentinsteadofbeingtheburdenofthefamily.ButagreatneedremainsforafamilystructuresaysNinawhostillliveswithherparentsbecausepeoplehavetobeabletosurviveemotionally.InAtlanta18-year-oldLissJcinerfeelsstronglyaboutwhat’shappenedtothefamily.PeoplehaverealizedthatthefamilyhasdisintegratedshesaysButtoday’sfamily—particularlytheblackfamily—istryingtopullitselftogetherandbecomethestrongunitasitoncewas.AsimilarviewisexpressedbyasenioratBrighamYoungUniversity:Ahappyfamilymeanseverythingtome.IreadalotabouthowtheAmericanfamilyisfallingapart.ButIseelostsofstrongfamiliesaroundmeandthatmakesmeveryoptimistic./Whichdoyouthinkisthebesttitleofthepassage
Youngpeopleintheearly1980saretakingonasetofattitudesandvaluesremarkablydifferentfromthoseofthestormy’60sand’70s.Insteadofanti-establishmentoutburststoday’syoungergenerationhadturnedmorethoughtfulandmoreserious.Thereisheightenedconcernforthefutureofthecountryandayearningforthetraditionsandsupportsystemsthatgavecomfortinthepast.ManyyoungmenandWomenofhigh-schoolandcollegeagearehavingsecondthoughtsaboutthenewmoralityandcondemnwhatasoaringdivorceratehasdonetofamilies.Theyspeakopenlyofgainingstrengthfromreligion.Patriotismtooseemstobemakingamodestcomeback.Onechangeintheearly1980sisaquestioningofthepermissivemoralclimateofrecentyears.Moreyoungpeoplewhilehesitanttopreachortocondemntheirpeerscitethedestructiveeffectsofthedrugsandalocoholthataresowidelyavailableintheschools.ItispeerpressurethatpushesteenagersintodrugsbutnowthehabitoftenisdroppedafterhighschoolaccordingtoDebbieBishopa22-year-oldsecretary.JamesElrodacollegejuniorinKentuckyalsoreportsthatuseofmarijuanaoncampushaslessened.ACornellUniversitylawstudentreflectstheviewsofmanywiththecomment:Ithinkthatdrugabuseisharmfultoyourownhealthandthosearoundyou.Butheadds:Drinkingisfineonlyaslongasit’snotdonetoexcess.Withtheaddedpressuresofamoreuncertainworldmostyoungpeoplestresstheimportanceofahealthyfamilylife.Yetastheylookatthefamily’sbreakupthathastakenplaceinthepastdecadetheyconcedethatthechallengeformanyistomakethebestofone-parentfamilies.TheAmericanfamilyisevolvingandchangingaccordingtoNinaMuleWomenaregoingoutintotheworldandhavingcareers.They’rebecomingmoreindependentinsteadofbeingtheburdenofthefamily.ButagreatneedremainsforafamilystructuresaysNinawhostillliveswithherparentsbecausepeoplehavetobeabletosurviveemotionally.InAtlanta18-year-oldLissJcinerfeelsstronglyaboutwhat’shappenedtothefamily.PeoplehaverealizedthatthefamilyhasdisintegratedshesaysButtoday’sfamily—particularlytheblackfamily—istryingtopullitselftogetherandbecomethestrongunitasitoncewas.AsimilarviewisexpressedbyasenioratBrighamYoungUniversity:Ahappyfamilymeanseverythingtome.IreadalotabouthowtheAmericanfamilyisfallingapart.ButIseelostsofstrongfamiliesaroundmeandthatmakesmeveryoptimistic./WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureofyoungpeopleintheearly1980s
Idon’tknowwhyUFOsareneversightedoverlargecitiesbyhordesofpeople.Butitisconsistentwiththeideathattherearenospacevehiclesfromelsewhereinourskies.Isupposeitisalsoconsistentwiththeideasthatspacevehiclesfromelsewhereavoidlargecities.Howevertheprimaryargumentagainstrecentextraterrestrialvisitationistheabsenceofevidence.Takeleprechauns.Supposetherearefrequentreportsofleprechauns.BecauseImyselfamemotionallypredisposedinfavorofleprechaunsIwouldwanttochecktheevidenceespeciallycarefully.SupposeIfindthat500picnickersindependentlysawagreenblurintheforest.Terrific.ButsowhatThisisevidenceonlyforagreenblur.Maybeitwasafasthummingbird.Suchcasesarereliablebutnotparticularlyinteresting.Nowsupposethatsomeonereports:Iwaswalkingthroughtheforestandcameuponaconventionof7000leprechauns.WetalkedforawhileandIwastakendownintotheirholeinthegroundandshownpotsofgoldandfeatheredgreenhats.Iwillreply:Fabulous!WhoelsewentalongAndhewillsayNobodyorMyfishingpartner.Thisisacasethatisinterestingbutunreliable.Inacaseofsuchimportancetheuncorroboratedtestimonyofoneortwopeopleisalmostworthless.WhatIwantisforthe500picnickerstocomeuponthe7000leprechauns..orviceversa.ThesituationisthesamewithUFOs.Thereliablecasesareuninterestingandtheinterestingcasesareunreliable.Unfortunatelytherearenocasesthatarebothreliableandinteresting.Itisconcludedfromthepassagethatthetestimonygivenbyoneortwopersonsis______.
ThetemperatureoftheSunisover5000degreesFahrenheitatthesurfacebutitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.TheSunissomuchhotterthantheEarththatmattercanexistonlyasagasexceptatthecore.InthecoreoftheSunthepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthatdespitethehightemperaturetheremaybeasmallsolidcore.41__________. SolarastronomersdoknowthattheSunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.StartingattheoutsideandgoingdownintotheSunthezonesarethecoronachromospherephotosphereconvectionzoneandfinallythecore.42__________.Butsince’theSunhasnosolidsurfaceitishardtotellwheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyoftheSunbegins. 43__________.ThisistheonlypartoftheSunthatcanbeseenduringaneclipsesuchastheoneinFebruary1979.AtanyothertimethecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedoncamerasandtelescopestoshutouttheglareoftheSun’srays. 44__________.Itsbeautifulraysareasensationalsightduringaneclipse.Thecorona’sraysflashoutinabrilliantfanthathaswispyspikelikeraysneartheSun’snorthandsouthpoles.ThecoronaisthickestattheSun’sequator. Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardattremendousspeedsandreachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegreesFahrenheit.Theraysofgasthinoutastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.45__________. [A]BythetimetheSun’scoronaraysreachtheEarththeyareweakandinvisible. [B]TheSun’soutermostlayerbeingsabout10000milesabovethevisiblesurfaceandgoesoutwardformillionsofmiles. [C]Ifapersonweretostandonthesun’scoronatheywouldn’tburntheywouldfreezeinthenearvacuumofthecorona. [D]ThecoronaisabrilliantpearlywhitefilmylightaboutasbrightasthefullMoon. [E]ThefirstthreezonesareregardedastheSun’satmosphere. [F]HowevernoonereallyknowssincethecenteroftheSuncanneverbedirectlyobserved. [G]YoucanprobablyguessthattheSunisveryhotcomparedwithfamiliarthingsontheEarth. 42
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 16
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 4
Directions:Title:ExaminationOutline:1.People’sattitudetowardexaminationsvariesfrompersontoperson.2.Asfarasstudentsandteachersareconcernedexaminationsaremeaningful.3.Inawordtheadvantagesofexaminationsoutweighthedisadvantages.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Clothesdecorationsphysiquehairandfacial1giveagreatdealofinformationaboutus.Forinstancewewearclothestokeepuswarm2unlikeanimalswedonothaveaprotective3ofhair.Butforthepurposeofcommunicationwedress4clothesofdifferentcoloursstyleandmaterial;wewearjewelleryandothervaluables;weusecosmeticsandperfume;we5beardsandsideburns;andwesmokepipesandcarrywalkingsticks. Strictrulesgoverntheclotheswewear.Wedonotwearfootballbootswithadinner-jacket6aboilersuittoworkinaninsuranceoffice.AclerkonWallStreetwillwearmoreformaldressthansomeoneina7jobinacountrytown.Fashionableandsmart8areassociatedwithgoodqualitiesandwell-dressedpeoplehavebeen9togetmorehelpandcooperationfrom10strangers.Forexampleawomanisoftengivenmore11ofhelpwithherbroken-downcarwhensheisdressedattractivelythanwhensheisdressedless12. Rebelsconsiderthemselvestobedifferentfromotherpeopleinsocietyandoften13theirphysicalappearancetoshowthis.InthelasttwodecadesinBritaintherehavebeenanumberof14movementswithdistinctuniforms.Hippiesdidnotjustwearsimpleclothesbutdressedinaparticularstylethatmadetheminstantly15. Butinourmodemsocietysomepeople16chooseparticularclothestoprojectthepersonalities.17typeswearbrightercoloursthanmorereservedpeople.Somepeoplewearodd18ofclothestoexpresstheirindividuality.Forexamplesomeone19giveanimpressionofhighsocialstatus20originandbadtemperbywearinganexpensivesuit. Readthefallowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. 14
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 6
ThedivorcerateinBritainhaslevelledoff—toroughlyonemarriageinthree—andshowsnosignofreachingthemuchhigherAmericanrateaccordingtothedemographers人口统计学者assembledinBathlastweekforaconferenceonthefamily.Therehasbeennoincreaseintherateinthelastthreeyearsandalthoughmanyexpectedittoriseafewmorepercentagepointsinthenextdecadenonebelieveditwouldreachthe50percentthatexistsinAmerica.Onereasonforthestabilizationsofdivorceisthereductionintheriskfactors—fewerteenagersmarryingfewerearlybirthsinmarriagefewerpre-marital婚前的conceptions.AnotherreasonwhichwasairedattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSocietyforPopulationStudieswastheincreaseincohabitation.Somespeakersarguedthattheincreaseincohabitationhasmeantthatmaritalcouplesarenowmuchmorefamiliarwitheachotherbeforemarriageandthereforelesslikelytoseparate.Oneoutoffourcoupleswhomarrytodayhavelivedtogetherandintheolderagegroupstheproportionismuchhigher.Some34percentofwomenagedover25whomarryhavecohabitedandover50percentofwomenwhoaremarryingadivorcedmanorwhohavebeendivorcedthemselvescohabitbeforemarriage.CohabitationinBritainhoweverisstillconsiderablylowerthaninmanyEuropeanstatesandwasdescribedbythedemographersasessentiallyapartofcontemporarycourtship.OnlyasmallproportionofpeoplewhocohabitedhadchildrenwhereasinSwedensome40percentofbirthswerenowoutsideformalmarriage.TheBritishratewas13percent.KathKiernanoftheCentreforPopulationStudiesnotedthatthepresentstatisticssuggestedthattherewasamarginallyhigherriskofseparationforcoupleswhohadcohabitedbutthiscouldpossiblybeexplainedbythefactthatthestatisticscoveredaperiodwhencohabitinghadnotbecomeassociallyacceptableasitwastoday.Athirdreasonwhythedemographersthoughtthedivorceratecouldstabilizewastheeconomicsqueeze利润等的缩减andtherecession暴跌whichwouldmeantherewaslessopportunitytoseparatebecauseofthelackofhousingandemployment.Accordingtothepassage______causespeopletothinkmorebeforeseparating.
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 2
Clothesdecorationsphysiquehairandfacial1giveagreatdealofinformationaboutus.Forinstancewewearclothestokeepuswarm2unlikeanimalswedonothaveaprotective3ofhair.Butforthepurposeofcommunicationwedress4clothesofdifferentcoloursstyleandmaterial;wewearjewelleryandothervaluables;weusecosmeticsandperfume;we5beardsandsideburns;andwesmokepipesandcarrywalkingsticks. Strictrulesgoverntheclotheswewear.Wedonotwearfootballbootswithadinner-jacket6aboilersuittoworkinaninsuranceoffice.AclerkonWallStreetwillwearmoreformaldressthansomeoneina7jobinacountrytown.Fashionableandsmart8areassociatedwithgoodqualitiesandwell-dressedpeoplehavebeen9togetmorehelpandcooperationfrom10strangers.Forexampleawomanisoftengivenmore11ofhelpwithherbroken-downcarwhensheisdressedattractivelythanwhensheisdressedless12. Rebelsconsiderthemselvestobedifferentfromotherpeopleinsocietyandoften13theirphysicalappearancetoshowthis.InthelasttwodecadesinBritaintherehavebeenanumberof14movementswithdistinctuniforms.Hippiesdidnotjustwearsimpleclothesbutdressedinaparticularstylethatmadetheminstantly15. Butinourmodemsocietysomepeople16chooseparticularclothestoprojectthepersonalities.17typeswearbrightercoloursthanmorereservedpeople.Somepeoplewearodd18ofclothestoexpresstheirindividuality.Forexamplesomeone19giveanimpressionofhighsocialstatus20originandbadtemperbywearinganexpensivesuit. Readthefallowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. 16
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 10
IntheUnitedStatestodaycoffeeisamorepopulardrink1teabutteaplayed2interestingpartinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Beforetheywontheir3fromBritainthecolonistswereforcedto4taxesonmanygoodsimportedintoAmerica.Thetaxmoneywas5tosupportcolonialgovernorsandofficialssenttothecoloniesbytheBritish.In1770theBritishPrimeMinisterhadrepealedmostofthetaxesbutKingGeorge6onretainingthetax7tea.TheKingsawthetaxasa8oftheBritishrighttotaxthecolonies.Americanmerchants9smugglednine-tenthsofAmerica’steaintothecountryand10payingthetaxes. 11thetaxsavingsthepriceoftearemainedexpensivedue.to12shippingcosts.WhentheBritishParliament13anewlawwhichwouldallowBritishcompaniestoimportteamore14thanAmericanshippingcompaniesthe15werealarmedandthey16aprotest.InBostoncitizensandmerchantswho17disguisedasIndiansboardedaBritishshipand18＄15000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thisprotest19GreatBritainisknownastheBostonTeaParty.Itwasoneoftheearliestactsof20againstBritishrule. 12
Undernormalconditionstheactofcommunicationrequiresthepresenceofatleasttwopersons:onewhosendsandonewhoreceivesthecommunication.Inordertocommunicatethoughtsandfeelingstheremustbeaconventionalsystemofsignsorsymbolswhichmeanthesametothesenderandthereceiver.Themeansofsendingcommunicationsaretoonumerousandvariedforasystematicclassification;thereforetheanalysismustbeginwiththemeansofreceivingcommunication.Receptionofcommunicationisachievedbyoursenses.Sighthearingandtouchplaythemostimportantroles.Smellandtasteplayverylimitedrolesfortheycannotreceiveintellectualexpressionfromfullydevelopedsystemsofsignsandsymbols.Examplesofvisualcommunicationaregestureandmimicry.Althoughbothfrequentlyaccompanyspeechtherearesystemsthatrelysolelyonsightsuchasthoseusedbydeafanddumbpersons.Anothermeansofcommunicatingvisuallyisbysignalsoffiresmokeflagsofflashinglights.Feelingsmaybesimplycommunicatedbytouchsuchasbyhandshakingorbackslappingalthoughahighlydevelopedsystemofhandstrokinghasenabledblinddeafanddumbpersonstocommunicateintelligently.Whistlingtosomeoneapplaudinginatheaterandotherformsofcommunicationbysoundrelyupontheearasareceiver.Themostfullydevelopedformofauditorycommunicationisofcoursethespokenlanguage.Themeansofcommunicationmentionedsofarhavetwofeaturesincommon:theylastonlyashorttimeandthepersoninvolvedmustberelativelyclosetoeachother.Thereforeallarerestrictedintimeandspace.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinthispassage
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