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Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Theauthorwarnsthatoverweighthas
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry ItcanbeinferredthatallofthefollowingaffectthemovementofspeciesEXCEPT
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. AllofthefollowingdirectlyaccountforobesityEXCLUDING
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Fatcrisisseemstoresultchieflyfrom
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire. Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
原子核外电子运动状态的描述合理的是
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry AccordingtothetexttheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7
值是代表
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
根据配合物的价键理论指出下列配离子中中心离子和配体的配位情况即指出其电子排布杂化轨道类型及空间构型情况1[FeF6]3-μ=5.92B.M.2[FeCN6]3-μ=1.73B.M．
原电池装置中一端为铜片和0.5mol·L-1CuSO4的溶液另一端为银片和0.5mol·L-1AgNO3溶液1写出原电池符号2写出电极反应和电池反应3求电动势4求电池反应的平衡常数5加氨水于硫酸铜溶液中如果控制的浓度为1.0mol·L-1测得求[CuNH34]2+的稳定常数
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
1effectofthecountry’’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife 2possiblereasonfortheeffect 3yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
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