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赎刑作为一个制度，始于( )。
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比较完整的赎刑制度最早见于
禹刑
汤刑
吕刑
法经
赎刑制度始于
夏朝
西周
战国时期
汉朝
下列有关宋代刑罚的说法正确的有
刺配是古代劓刑的复法
刺配是刑罚制度的又一进步，对宋代后世产生了一定的影响
凌迟始于五代的西辽
至南宋，凌迟正式作为法定死刑的一种
凌迟刑作为法定刑始于
宋
清
唐
明
赎刑作为一个制度始于
夏
商
西周
春秋
三国两晋南北朝时期确立了允许以官职或爵位抵罪的法律制度该制度称为
官当
八议
赎刑
十恶
夏朝出现了一种制度可以用财物折抵刑罚这种制度叫做
禹刑
甘誓
赎刑
圜土
西周的九刑是五刑加上
流刑
赎刑
鞭刑
扑刑
凌迟刑作为法定刑始于
宋
清
唐
明
后人记述的夏朝的法律制度有
夏有乱政， 而作禹刑
威侮五行， 怠弃三正
昏、 墨、 贼， 杀
吕命穆王， 训夏赎刑
史书上记载吕命穆王训夏
禹刑
汤刑
九刑
赎刑
左传•昭公六年记载夏有乱政而作
禹刑
汤刑
九刑
赎刑
赎刑的制度化始于
夏朝
商朝
西周时期
春秋时期
属于夏朝首次创立的制度或者法律原则的是
七出
赎刑
不孝罪
罪疑从轻
左传·昭公六年记载:周有乱政而作
禹刑
汤刑
九刑
赎刑
中国古代赎刑的制度化始于
夏朝
商朝
西周
春秋战国
赎刑作为一种制度始于
夏
商
西周
春秋
据尚书吕刑记载中国古代的赎刑制度始于______________ 朝
夏朝法律制度包括
夏有乱政， 而作禹刑
威侮五行， 怠弃三正
昏、 墨、 贼， 杀
吕命穆王， 训夏赎刑
夏朝的法律制度包括
夏有乱政， 而作禹刑
威侮五行， 怠弃三正
昏、 墨、 贼、 杀
赎刑
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Thefollowingtablegivesstatisticsshowingtheaspectsofqualityoflifeinfivecountries.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthetablebelow.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
HorsethievescattlerustlersbankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewerebutsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19thcentury.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbuttheoutlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscrupleswhenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.Thecareersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheirdeedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts.TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonialEra.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopetoprofitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.IntheyearsjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolinawerebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators.AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmoreopportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswerehighwaymenandriverpirates.HighwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootorhorsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhioMississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth.CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushestoCaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrainscarryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.BankrobberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfounditswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthefirsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.AftertheCivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboringstates.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations.Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwaterrightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexasrangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland.Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontiererawaspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedintheslumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.WiththearrivalofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganizedcrimeasitexiststoday.Moderncrimeischaracterizedby
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon. 47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork. Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon. TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources. Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs.Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001.Whatisthepresentsituationofthemanufacturingindustry
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ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon. 47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork. Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon. TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources. Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs.Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001.WhichofthefollowingwasontheriseinApril
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
HorsethievescattlerustlersbankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewerebutsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19thcentury.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbuttheoutlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscrupleswhenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.Thecareersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheirdeedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts.TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonialEra.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopetoprofitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.IntheyearsjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolinawerebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators.AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmoreopportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswerehighwaymenandriverpirates.HighwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootorhorsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhioMississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth.CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushestoCaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrainscarryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.BankrobberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfounditswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthefirsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.AftertheCivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboringstates.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations.Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwaterrightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexasrangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland.Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontiererawaspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedintheslumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.WiththearrivalofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganizedcrimeasitexiststoday.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthorindicatesthat______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.Thefinalsentenceinthetextimpliesthat______.
Recentlythenewshasbeenfilledwithreportsofthe"birdflu".46．Asiaisonaregion-widehealthalertwithgovernmentsslaughteringmillionsofchickenstocontainoutbreaksofthebirdfluinThailandVietnamCambodiaSouthKoreaJapanandChina. Influenza-commonlycalled"flu"-isoneoftheoldestandmostcommondiseasesknowntoman.Itcanalsobeoneofthedeadliest.47．Thegreat"Spanishflu"pandemicof1918-1919wasconsideredtheworstplagueinhistorykillingupto40millionpeoplewithhalfoftheworld’spopulationinfectedinonlyafewmonths. 48．Influenzacanalsoinfectmanydifferentwarm-bloodedanimalssuchasbirds.Howeverthe"flu"virususuallydevelopsdifferentvariantsthatarespecializedforeachspeciesofanimalsthattheyinfect.Crossspeciesinfectionsarerare. AflustraincalledinfluenzaAH5N1appearstohavemadeasuccessfuljumpfrombirdstohumans.TheviralstrainwasfirstisolatedfromSouthAfricanbirdsin1961．49．ThefirstknownhumaninfectionoccurredinaHongKongtoddlerinMayof1997．Bytheendof1997therewere13confirmedcasesandfourdeathsallinHongKong.InanattempttostopthespreadofthediseasethegovernmentofHongKongorderedtheslaughterofallchickensducksgeesequailanddomesticpigeons. HumansinfectedwithH5N1sofararethoughttohavecaughtthediseasefromfowlandnoperson-to-persontransmissionshavebeenreported.50．TheWHOhoweverfearsthatthebirdfluishighlyadaptableandmightleapthespeciesbarrier.Itsaysanyoneexposedtothediseaseshouldbequarantinedtoavoidcontactwithsufferersofregularhumaninfluenza. TheWHOhoweverfearsthatthebirdfluishighlyadaptableandmightleapthespeciesbarrier.Itsaysanyoneexposedtothediseaseshouldbequarantinedtoavoidcontactwithsufferersofregularhumaninfluenza.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow.Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry.ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse.Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry.Thepurposeofthisbookis______.
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 44
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
要保持司法独立必须做到
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.Anappropriatetitleforthispassagewouldbe______.
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow.Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry.ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse.Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutreadingthebook
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon. 47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork. Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon. TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources. InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon.
清政府在下设置理刑司受理各少数民族地方机构不能决断的死刑案件
HorsethievescattlerustlersbankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewerebutsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19thcentury.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbuttheoutlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscrupleswhenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.Thecareersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheirdeedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts.TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonialEra.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopetoprofitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.IntheyearsjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolinawerebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators.AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmoreopportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswerehighwaymenandriverpirates.HighwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootorhorsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhioMississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth.CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushestoCaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrainscarryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.BankrobberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfounditswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthefirsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.AftertheCivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboringstates.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations.Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwaterrightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexasrangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland.Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontiererawaspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedintheslumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.WiththearrivalofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganizedcrimeasitexiststoday.WhathappenedimmediatelyaftertheAmericanRevolution
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 42
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