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8255A工作在方式1的输入状态时通过信号知道端口已经准备好了输入的数据
READY
ACK
OBF
INTE
Advertisingmeanstodrawpeople’sattentiontosomething
Classifiedadvertisingistheadvertisingwhichisgroupe
8086用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INT和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有DSCSES和
8086CPU用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INI和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglisha11aro
Inte1CPU工作在内存的实地址模式时内存的物理地址由______和______两部分组成
当Inte18255A被设定成方式1时其功能相当于
0线握手并行接口
1线握手并行接口
2线握手并行接口
多线握手并行接口
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglishallaro
—DoyoulikewatchingCCTV-5?—Ilikeit.Butitwouldbebett
more
less
fewer
many
60.Aboutwhattheyadvertisewecansafelysaythat.A.adve
B-ISDN中的ISDN的意思是综合业务数字网Inte-gratedServiceDigitalNe
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有和
目前我国微机使用的主流微处理器有等公司的产品
Inte
AMD
微软
康柏
8255的A口工作在方式1输入时其中断允许控制位INTE的开/关是通过对的按位置位/复位操作完成的
PC
0
PC
2
PC
4
PC
6
系统中外围设备请求总线控制都是通过进行的
NMI
INTE
INTR
HOLD
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglishallaro
以下关于直播间手机/电脑配置的说法不正确的是
手机直播时，内存要足够充足
手机直播时，摄像头要足够清晰
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte15
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte17
奔腾Pentium是公司生产的一种CPU的型号______
IBM
Microsoft
Inte1
AMD
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Trainingisintendedprimarilyfortheserviceofsociety;educationisprimarilyfortheindividual.Societyneedsdoctorslawyersengineersteacherstoperformspecifictasksnecessarytoitsoperationjustasitneedscarpentersandplumbersandstenographers速记员.41______Andtheseneedsourtrainingcenters--theprofessionalandtradeschoolsfill.Butalthougheducationisfortheimprovementoftheindividualitalsoservessocietybyprovidingaleaveningofmenofunderstandingofperceptionandwisdom.42______Theyservesocietybyexaminingitsfunctionappraisingitsneedsandcriticizingitsdirection.Theymaybeearningtheirlivingsbypracticingoneoftheprofessionsorinpursuingatradeorbyengaginginbusinessenterprise.Theymayberichorpoor.Theymayoccupypositionsofpowerandprestigeortheymaybeengagedinsomehumbleemployment.Withoutthemhoweversocietyeitherdisintegratesorelsebecomesananthill. 43_______.Intheonetherecruitistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalbaseballplayerwhowillmakealivingandservesocietybyplayingbaseball;intheotherheistrainingonlytoimprovehisownbodyandmusculature.Thetrainingatthebaseballcampisallrelevant.Therecruitmayspendhourspracticinghowtoslideintosecondbasenotbecauseitisaparticularlyusefulformofcalisthenics柔软体操butbecauseitisrelevanttothegame.Theexercisewouldstopiftheruleswerechangedsothatslidingtoabasewasmadeillegal.Similarlythecandidateforthepitchingstaffspendsalotoftimethrowingabaseballnotbecauseitwillimprovehisphysique--itmayhavequitetheoppositeeffectbutbecausepitchingistobehisprincipalfunctionontheteam.Atthegymexerciseshavenosuchrelevance.44______ 45______WhatistaughtatlawschoolisthepresentlawofthelandnottheNapoleonicCodeoreventhearchaiclawsthathavebeenscratchedfromthestatutebooks.Andatmedicalschooltooitismodernmedicalpracticethatistaughtwhichisrelevanttoconditionstoday.Andtheplumber水管工人andthecarpenterandtheelectricianandthemason泥瓦匠learnonlywhatisrelevanttothepracticeoftheirrespectivetradesinthisdaywiththetoolsandmaterialsthatarepresentlyavailableandthatconformtothebuildingcode. A.Educationreferstotheknowledgeorskillobtainedordevelopedbyalearningprocess. B.Theyareourintellectualleadersthecriticsofourculturethedefendersofourfreetraditionstheinstigatorsofourprogress. C.Theintentionistostrengthenthebodyingeneralandwhenthememberssitdownonthefloorwiththeirlegsoutstretchedandpracticetouchingtheirfingerstotheirtoesitisnotbecausetheyhopetobecomegalleyslavesperhapstheonlyoccupationwherethatparticularexercisewouldberelevant. D.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofstudyislikethedifferencebetweenthedisciplineandexerciseinaprofessionalbaseballtrainingcampandthatofagym. E.Trainingsuppliestheimmediateandspecificneedsofsocietysothattheworkoftheworldmaycontinue. F.Ingeneralrelevancyisafacetoftrainingratherthanofeducation. G.Trainingistomakeproficientwithspecializedinstructionandpractice. 42
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicturebriefly 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3suggestcounter-measures. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 44
Text4 "Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhentheyare18andthetruthisfarfromthat"sayssociologistLaryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Todayunexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents."Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass"declaressociologistAllasnSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversitywhoseson19movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths. Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrisingaconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsometheexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduationyoungpeoplefindtheir.wingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts. LivingathomesaysKnightonaschoolteachercontinuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hismotheragreed"It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathroomstelephonesandprivacy.Somefamilieshowevermanagethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothersitprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco24hasbeenhomethreetimes--andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrinkmydadconsideredanalcoholproblem"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdatedsoIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’houses." JusthowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingonMostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentitiescanendupwith"asenseofinadequacydefeatandfailure."Andagingparentswhoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedomfindthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisitshowevercanworkbeneficially. Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat
Text4 "Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhentheyare18andthetruthisfarfromthat"sayssociologistLaryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Todayunexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents."Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass"declaressociologistAllasnSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversitywhoseson19movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths. Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrisingaconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsometheexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduationyoungpeoplefindtheir.wingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts. LivingathomesaysKnightonaschoolteachercontinuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hismotheragreed"It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathroomstelephonesandprivacy.Somefamilieshowevermanagethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothersitprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco24hasbeenhomethreetimes--andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrinkmydadconsideredanalcoholproblem"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdatedsoIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’houses." JusthowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingonMostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentitiescanendupwith"asenseofinadequacydefeatandfailure."Andagingparentswhoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedomfindthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisitshowevercanworkbeneficially. Whichofthefollowingisnotthereasonforyoungadultsreturningtothenest
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text3 Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountyinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldrevealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming.Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematicallyandalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Thetenantofthelargeestatesisto
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 42
Text2 IQstandsforIntelligenceQuotientwhichisameasureofaperson’sintelligencefoundbymeansofanintelligencetest.Beforemarksgainedinsuchatestcanbeusefulasinformationaboutapersontheymustbecomparedwithsomestandardornorm.Itisnotenoughsimplytoknowthataboyofthirteenhasscoredsayninetymarksinaparticulartest.Toknowwhetherheiscleveraverageordullhismarksmustbecomparedwiththeaverageachievedbyboysofthirteeninthattest. In1906thepsychologistAlfredBinetdevisedthestandardinrelationtowhichintelligencehassincebeenassessed. Heinventedavarietyoftestsandputlargenumbersofchildrenofdifferentagesthroughthem.Hefoundatwhatageeachtestwaspassedbytheaveragechild.Forinstancehefoundthattheaveragechildofsevencouldcountbackwardsfrom20to1andtheaveragechildofthreecouldrepeatthesentence:Wearegoingtohaveagoodtimeinthecountry.Binetarrangedthevarioustestsinorderofdifficultyandusedthemasascaleagainstwhichhecouldmeasureeveryindividual.IfforexampleaboyagedtwelvecouldonlydoteststhatwerepassedbytheaverageboyofnineBinetheldthathewasthreeyearsbelowaverageandthathehasamentalageofnine. TheconceptofmentalageprovidedBinetandthroughhimotherpsychologistswiththerequiredstandardwhichenableshimtostatescoresinintelligencetestsintermsofanorm.Atfirstitwasusualtoexpresstheresultofatestbythedifferencebetweenthe"mental"andthe"chronological"age.Thentheboyintheexamplegivenwouldbe"threeyearsretarded".Soonhoweverthe"mentalratio"wasintroducedthatistosaytheratioofthementalagetothechronologicalage.Thusa’boyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasamentalratioof0.75. Thementalagewasreplacedbythe"intelligencequotient"or"ID".TheIQisthementalratiomultipliedby100.ForexampleaboyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasanIQof75.ClearlysincethementalageofaveragechildisequaltothechronologicalagetheaverageIQis100. Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningto'norm'ParA．1line3
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text1 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. Considerthenovelviewof’HarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCoca-ColaandMerth.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%image30%andexposureafull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyou’andyourworkandhowhightheyare. RidiculousbeliefsNottomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes."Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’llgetahead--thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion"sheadds."Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatColeman'sbeliefsare
Text4 "Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhentheyare18andthetruthisfarfromthat"sayssociologistLaryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Todayunexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents."Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass"declaressociologistAllasnSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversitywhoseson19movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths. Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrisingaconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsometheexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduationyoungpeoplefindtheir.wingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts. LivingathomesaysKnightonaschoolteachercontinuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hismotheragreed"It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathroomstelephonesandprivacy.Somefamilieshowevermanagethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothersitprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco24hasbeenhomethreetimes--andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrinkmydadconsideredanalcoholproblem"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdatedsoIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’houses." JusthowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingonMostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentitiescanendupwith"asenseofinadequacydefeatandfailure."Andagingparentswhoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedomfindthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisitshowevercanworkbeneficially. BysayingthatAndagingparents..findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilitiesLine3-5ParA．4theauthormeansthat
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 IQstandsforIntelligenceQuotientwhichisameasureofaperson’sintelligencefoundbymeansofanintelligencetest.Beforemarksgainedinsuchatestcanbeusefulasinformationaboutapersontheymustbecomparedwithsomestandardornorm.Itisnotenoughsimplytoknowthataboyofthirteenhasscoredsayninetymarksinaparticulartest.Toknowwhetherheiscleveraverageordullhismarksmustbecomparedwiththeaverageachievedbyboysofthirteeninthattest. In1906thepsychologistAlfredBinetdevisedthestandardinrelationtowhichintelligencehassincebeenassessed. Heinventedavarietyoftestsandputlargenumbersofchildrenofdifferentagesthroughthem.Hefoundatwhatageeachtestwaspassedbytheaveragechild.Forinstancehefoundthattheaveragechildofsevencouldcountbackwardsfrom20to1andtheaveragechildofthreecouldrepeatthesentence:Wearegoingtohaveagoodtimeinthecountry.Binetarrangedthevarioustestsinorderofdifficultyandusedthemasascaleagainstwhichhecouldmeasureeveryindividual.IfforexampleaboyagedtwelvecouldonlydoteststhatwerepassedbytheaverageboyofnineBinetheldthathewasthreeyearsbelowaverageandthathehasamentalageofnine. TheconceptofmentalageprovidedBinetandthroughhimotherpsychologistswiththerequiredstandardwhichenableshimtostatescoresinintelligencetestsintermsofanorm.Atfirstitwasusualtoexpresstheresultofatestbythedifferencebetweenthe"mental"andthe"chronological"age.Thentheboyintheexamplegivenwouldbe"threeyearsretarded".Soonhoweverthe"mentalratio"wasintroducedthatistosaytheratioofthementalagetothechronologicalage.Thusa’boyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasamentalratioof0.75. Thementalagewasreplacedbythe"intelligencequotient"or"ID".TheIQisthementalratiomultipliedby100.ForexampleaboyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasanIQof75.ClearlysincethementalageofaveragechildisequaltothechronologicalagetheaverageIQis100. Tojudgeachild'sstandardhismarksinatestmustbecomparedwithmarksgainedby
BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretationmigrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpre-industrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodernEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside:migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspilloverAlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish—theywouldratherhavestayedhome—bytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.SecondlyBailynholdsthat.contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericanhistorytextbookstherewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.ForexampletheeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn’sthirdpropositionsuggeststwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservantsanothercametoacquireland.SurprisinglyBailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantsweredrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.Thesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopre-industrialNorthAmerica.Atfirstthousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited:bythe1730’s.however.Americanemployersdemandedskilledworkers.FinallyBailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartoftheAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperipheryasBailyndoesdevaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue.asBailynclaimsthathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandwherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws.builtadistinguisheduniversityandpublishedbooksBailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.HowevertheideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolutionhefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheygaveupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus.itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebeganamongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.Notes:spillovern.外流indenturedservant合同工hinterlandn.内地Anglo-American英裔美国人的peripheryn.边缘anti-aristocratic反对贵族的demographics人口统计特点WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBailyn’swork
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 IQstandsforIntelligenceQuotientwhichisameasureofaperson’sintelligencefoundbymeansofanintelligencetest.Beforemarksgainedinsuchatestcanbeusefulasinformationaboutapersontheymustbecomparedwithsomestandardornorm.Itisnotenoughsimplytoknowthataboyofthirteenhasscoredsayninetymarksinaparticulartest.Toknowwhetherheiscleveraverageordullhismarksmustbecomparedwiththeaverageachievedbyboysofthirteeninthattest. In1906thepsychologistAlfredBinetdevisedthestandardinrelationtowhichintelligencehassincebeenassessed. Heinventedavarietyoftestsandputlargenumbersofchildrenofdifferentagesthroughthem.Hefoundatwhatageeachtestwaspassedbytheaveragechild.Forinstancehefoundthattheaveragechildofsevencouldcountbackwardsfrom20to1andtheaveragechildofthreecouldrepeatthesentence:Wearegoingtohaveagoodtimeinthecountry.Binetarrangedthevarioustestsinorderofdifficultyandusedthemasascaleagainstwhichhecouldmeasureeveryindividual.IfforexampleaboyagedtwelvecouldonlydoteststhatwerepassedbytheaverageboyofnineBinetheldthathewasthreeyearsbelowaverageandthathehasamentalageofnine. TheconceptofmentalageprovidedBinetandthroughhimotherpsychologistswiththerequiredstandardwhichenableshimtostatescoresinintelligencetestsintermsofanorm.Atfirstitwasusualtoexpresstheresultofatestbythedifferencebetweenthe"mental"andthe"chronological"age.Thentheboyintheexamplegivenwouldbe"threeyearsretarded".Soonhoweverthe"mentalratio"wasintroducedthatistosaytheratioofthementalagetothechronologicalage.Thusa’boyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasamentalratioof0.75. Thementalagewasreplacedbythe"intelligencequotient"or"ID".TheIQisthementalratiomultipliedby100.ForexampleaboyoftwelvewithamentalageofninehasanIQof75.ClearlysincethementalageofaveragechildisequaltothechronologicalagetheaverageIQis100. WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinrelationtoIQ
Text1 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. Considerthenovelviewof’HarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCoca-ColaandMerth.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%image30%andexposureafull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyou’andyourworkandhowhightheyare. RidiculousbeliefsNottomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes."Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’llgetahead--thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion"sheadds."Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. ThewordspotlightLastlineParA．3heremostprobablymeans
MyeldestdaughterlanInternetconsultantisonly30butshehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferentplacesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisitherInoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouseandhowmanythingslieunusedoutofdate.Whatisevenmorestrikingishowmanythingstherearewhicharenotexpectedtolast--disposablethings.Disposableplatesandglassesdisposabletowelsandbabies’nappies.Itsometimesseemsthatweliveinanageofthedisposable. 46Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment.Twoimportantfactoriesseemtobedrivingthesechanges.Thefirstistherapidgrowthinknowledgeandtheconsequentrapiddevelopmentoftechnology.Thesecondistherevolutionincommunicationswhichmeansthatknowledgeisspreadfasterandmorewidelythanever.Ourtimesareoftencalled"theinformationage"and.theeffectistobringabout"theknowledgeeconomy."Newtechnologiesandnewknowledgebringabouttheneedfornewskills.47Thespeedwithwhichthesetechnologiesarebeingcreatedissuchthatallofusarefacedwiththechallengeoflearningnewskillsnotjustoncebutseveraltimes.Whatweknewyesterdayisoftenobsoletetoday. Iremembermydaughtersayingtomethatshewasat"thecuttingedge"ofherparticularfield.Butwithinfiveyearsshesaidshewouldhavetodosomethingnewanddifferenttokeepup.Thereisagreaterneedforflexibilityandproblem-solvingthanbefore.Tasksrequireagreaterintegrationofskills.48Therewardsoflifegotothemulti-skilledtoflexibleteamsofworkerseachcapableofcontributinginarangeofways.49Tosucceedinthisnewworldofworkindividualswillhavetoregardtheircareersnotjustasaprocessofgatheringexperiencebutasaprocessoflearningnewthingsonanalmostcontinuousbasis.Allthissuggeststomethattherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymenthaschangedradicallyoverthelastfewyears. 50OnecouldsummarizethechangebysayingthatwhenIgrewupIlearnedthingsinordertoachievelife-longemploymentwhilemychildrenneedtopursuelife-longlearninginordertostayemployed. Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment
Trainingisintendedprimarilyfortheserviceofsociety;educationisprimarilyfortheindividual.Societyneedsdoctorslawyersengineersteacherstoperformspecifictasksnecessarytoitsoperationjustasitneedscarpentersandplumbersandstenographers速记员.41______Andtheseneedsourtrainingcenters--theprofessionalandtradeschoolsfill.Butalthougheducationisfortheimprovementoftheindividualitalsoservessocietybyprovidingaleaveningofmenofunderstandingofperceptionandwisdom.42______Theyservesocietybyexaminingitsfunctionappraisingitsneedsandcriticizingitsdirection.Theymaybeearningtheirlivingsbypracticingoneoftheprofessionsorinpursuingatradeorbyengaginginbusinessenterprise.Theymayberichorpoor.Theymayoccupypositionsofpowerandprestigeortheymaybeengagedinsomehumbleemployment.Withoutthemhoweversocietyeitherdisintegratesorelsebecomesananthill. 43_______.Intheonetherecruitistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalbaseballplayerwhowillmakealivingandservesocietybyplayingbaseball;intheotherheistrainingonlytoimprovehisownbodyandmusculature.Thetrainingatthebaseballcampisallrelevant.Therecruitmayspendhourspracticinghowtoslideintosecondbasenotbecauseitisaparticularlyusefulformofcalisthenics柔软体操butbecauseitisrelevanttothegame.Theexercisewouldstopiftheruleswerechangedsothatslidingtoabasewasmadeillegal.Similarlythecandidateforthepitchingstaffspendsalotoftimethrowingabaseballnotbecauseitwillimprovehisphysique--itmayhavequitetheoppositeeffectbutbecausepitchingistobehisprincipalfunctionontheteam.Atthegymexerciseshavenosuchrelevance.44______ 45______WhatistaughtatlawschoolisthepresentlawofthelandnottheNapoleonicCodeoreventhearchaiclawsthathavebeenscratchedfromthestatutebooks.Andatmedicalschooltooitismodernmedicalpracticethatistaughtwhichisrelevanttoconditionstoday.Andtheplumber水管工人andthecarpenterandtheelectricianandthemason泥瓦匠learnonlywhatisrelevanttothepracticeoftheirrespectivetradesinthisdaywiththetoolsandmaterialsthatarepresentlyavailableandthatconformtothebuildingcode. A.Educationreferstotheknowledgeorskillobtainedordevelopedbyalearningprocess. B.Theyareourintellectualleadersthecriticsofourculturethedefendersofourfreetraditionstheinstigatorsofourprogress. C.Theintentionistostrengthenthebodyingeneralandwhenthememberssitdownonthefloorwiththeirlegsoutstretchedandpracticetouchingtheirfingerstotheirtoesitisnotbecausetheyhopetobecomegalleyslavesperhapstheonlyoccupationwherethatparticularexercisewouldberelevant. D.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofstudyislikethedifferencebetweenthedisciplineandexerciseinaprofessionalbaseballtrainingcampandthatofagym. E.Trainingsuppliestheimmediateandspecificneedsofsocietysothattheworkoftheworldmaycontinue. F.Ingeneralrelevancyisafacetoftrainingratherthanofeducation. G.Trainingistomakeproficientwithspecializedinstructionandpractice. 44
AtthemomentthesecondplanewasslammingintothesouthtowerPresidentBushwas1tothesecond-gradersofEmmaE.BookerElementaryinSarasotaFTA.Whenhearrivedattheschoolhehadbeenwhisked2aholdingroom:NationalSecurityAdvisorCondoleezzaRiceneededto3tohim.Buthesoonappearedintheclassroomandlistened4asthechildrenwentthroughtheirreadingdrill.Ashewasgettingreadytopose5pictureswiththeteachersandkidschiefofstaffAndyCardenteredtheroomwalked6tothePresidentandwhisperedinMsrightear.ThePresident’sfacebecame7tenseandserious.8noddedCardleftandforseveralminutesthePresidentseemeddistractedandsomberbutthenhe9hisinteractionwiththeclass."Reallygoodreaderswhew!"hetold10"Thesemustbesix-graders!" Meanwhileintheroom11Bushwasscheduledtogivehisremarksabout200people12localofficialsschoolpersonnelandstudentswaitedunderthehotlights.Wordofthecrashbeganto13reporterscalledtheireditorsbutdetailsweresparseuntilsomeone14therewasaTVinanearbyoffice.ThePresidentfinallyenteredabout35minuteslaterand15hisbriefcomments."Thisisa16timeforAmerica"hebegan.Heorderedamassive17to"huntdownthefolks18committedthisact."MeanwhilethebombdogstookafewextrapassesthroughAirForceOneandanextrafighterescortwasadded.19thePresidenttoowasgoingtohavetrouble20home. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglishspeakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall.becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Notes:emancipationn.解放equityn.公平procreative生育的celebratevt.颂扬questn.寻求downplayvt.贬低低估loseground退却失利maternitybenefit产妇津贴pitfalln.隐患appropriatevt.资用adversaryn.敌手endorsevt.赞同patriarchal家长制的 Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledtherelationalfeministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineofequalityindifferenceorequityasdistinctfromequality.
Text3 Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountyinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldrevealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming.Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematicallyandalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Itisdifficulttodescribethecountrysideduringtheperiodunderconsiderationpartlybecausetheinhabitants
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