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简述编制教育科研成果评价指标体系的基本要求，并说明建立教育实验评价指标体系的方法。
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简述教育科学的历史研究法的概念特点适用范围结构体系及在教育科研中的作用
同一层次各指标只能是并列关系这就要求在编制教育科研成果评价指标体系时要遵循
一致性
独立性
可测性
可行性
建立教育科学研究质量评价的指标体系应遵循以下要求
生态评价指标体系的基本要求
说明教育实验者应如何建立教育实验评价指标体系
科研成果转化的过程由三个阶段所构成科研成果的生产性试验中试科研成果的传播与交易
科研成果的商业化
科研成果的国际化
科研成果的转化
科研成果的产业化
编制教育科研成果评价指标体系应注意哪些要求
下列属于推进管理会计指引体系建设的主要任务和措施是
整合科研院校、单位等资源，会计继续教育网kjjxjy.com推动形成管理会计产学研联盟
加大投入，鼓励院校、国家会计学院等建立管理会计研究基地，开发管理会计课程和案例、推广管理会计理论和做法
推动改进现行会计科研成果评价方法，切实加强管理会计理论和实务研究
建立管理会计专家咨询机制，为管理会计指引体系的建设和应用等提供咨询
一般情况下教育科研活动的最后一环是
教育科研成果的表述
教育科研成果的评奖
教育科研成果的交流
教育科研成果的评价
建立思想政治教育评估指标体系的基本要求是什么
在编制教育科研成果评价指标体系时确定的每个指标应是具体的都应以可操作化的语言表达这遵循的要求是
一致性
可测性
独立性
可行性
在具体编制教育科学成果评价指标体系是应遵循哪些要求
小学教育科研成果评价的标准主要有①学术价值②经济价值③社会价值④科技价值
①②③
①③④
②③④
①③
评价重点从科研成果数量转向质量原创价值和实际贡献引导科研人才把 论文写在科研成果上
我国科技评价体制和价值取向存在一定的误区很少将纳入评价体系
项目数量
发表论文数量
中试次数
科研成果转化率
简述教育科学的比较研究法的概念基本步骤与基本要求及在教育科研中的作用
一般来说教育科研活动的最后一环是
教育科研成果的表述
教育科研成果的评奖
教育科研成果的交流
教育科研成果的评价
下列哪些属于科研机构的科研成果的评价与分析
学科科研成果的评估
科研投入与产出评估/决策
国家、教育部重点实验室的评估
项目验收或成果鉴定
学校特聘教授评估
一般教育活动最后一环是教育科研成果的
表述
评奖
交流
评价
简述教育科学研究成果表述的基本要求
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WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
在NiO中引入高价的W6+①将产生什么离子的空位②每个W6+将产生多少个空位③比较NiO和渗W的NiO即Ni-WO3的抗氧化性哪个好
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
50%结晶高分子的模量与随温度的变化如图4-20所示①在图中粗略画出不同模量范围内的玻璃态皮革态橡胶态和黏流态的位置并说明原因②在该图上粗略画出完全非晶态和完全晶态的模量曲线并说明原因
对于晶界扩散和体内扩散假定扩散激活能Q晶界≈Q体积试画出其lnD相对温度倒数的曲线并指出约在哪个温度范围内晶界扩散起主导作用
Text3 Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Bameshassuggestedthatitis.aspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainlyitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthe.soilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantsandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate. ThecarbondioxideCO2fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplantssuchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowingmay havemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetimehoweverisonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesisbywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined--inthepresenceofchlorophyll叶落素andwithenergyderivedfromlight—toformsugarsrequirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopeningsthroughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleafhoweverpermitsanothergas--watervapor--tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities3to4partsin10000partsofairandwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleafat80°Fsaturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10000partsofairthetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actuallybecauseofwindandotherfactorsthelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Alsonotallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates. Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodevelopthebasicideathat
试分析高分子的分子链柔顺性和分子量对黏流温度的影响
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.46Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.Admittedlysubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions.47"Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." Leadingquestionscanleadtomistakes.Ifwitnessesareaskedwhethertheoffenderhadabeardtheymayincorporateanimaginarybeardintotheirmemories.Subsequentquestioningcanreinforcetheerrorthroughrepetition. Itisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenprschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandnaturallyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage.48Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong. Anareaofresearchstillrelativelyunexplorediswhetheryoungchildrenhavedifficultiesdistinguishingbetweenrealandimaginedevents.Weconcludethatwhilechildrenareoftenseenasunreliablewitnessesresearchdoesnotbearthatout.49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren. Itisgenerallyagreedsomeadultswhoexperiencesexualabusemayrecallmemoriesoftheabuseafterforgettingit.Thereisnoresearchtoindicatetherecalledmemoriesaremoreorlessaccuratethanmemoriesavailableallalong.Webelieveitisimpossibletodistinguishatruefromafalsememoryanditisdangeroustouseconfidencevividnessanddetailasindicatingtruth.50Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion. Hopefullyfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion.
Text1 Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromdifferencesintheirgoals/’Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtother01eofdataservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthefttranscendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitinaninnovativewaythelimitsofanexistingformratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield:thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Ratherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways. Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldmostlogicallyconcludethelastparagraphofthepassage
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4 Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother’isdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocial’entitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingthatisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestrugglefor existenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthe competitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Accordingtotheauthorcompetitiondiffersfromconflictinthat
JapanesestudentsseemtobelosingpatiencewithworkunliketheircounterpartsintheUnitedStatesandKorea.Ina1993surveyofcollegestudentsinthethreecountriesonly10%oftheJapaneseregardedworkasaprimaryvaluecomparedwith47%oftheirKoreancounterpartsand27%ofAmericanstudents.41______ 42______DatacollectedbytheJapanesegovernmentin1993showsthatonly23%ofJapaneseyoutharethinkingaboutsupportingtheiragedparentsincontrastto63%ofyoungAmericans.Itappearsthatmanyyounger-generationJapanesearelosingbothrespectfortheirparentsandasenseofresponsibilitytothefamily.43______ TheshifttowardindividualismamongJapaneseismostpronouncedamongtheveryyoung.Accordingto1991datafromtheSeimeiHokenBunkaCenterofJapan50%ofJapaneseyouthaged16to19canbelabeled"self-centered"comparedwith33%amongthoseaged25to29.44______ DiminishingsocialresponsibilityaccordingtoYoshizakiistiedtothegrowinginterestinpleasureandpersonalsatisfaction.Astudycomparingsociety-consciousyouthfrom1977to1990foundthattheJapanesehadslippedfarbehindAmericanandAustralianstudents.45_____ YoshizakiconcludesthattheentirevaluesystemofJapaneseyouthisundergoingmajortransformationbuttheyoungergenerationhasnotyetfoundaneworganizedvaluesystemtoreplacetheold. A.Toearntheself-centeredlabeltheyoungpeoplerespondedpositivelytosuchideasas"Iwouldliketomakedecisionswithoutconsideringtraditionalvalues"and"Idon’twanttodoanythingIcan’tenjoydoing." B.ComparewiththeoldgenerationtheyoungJapaneseseemsmoretoenjoyliferatherthanworkhard. C.Japaneseyouthisvigorousandfreshbutlacksexperienceinworkandlife. D.AuthorYoshizakiattributesthechangetoJapaneseparents’overindulgenceoftheirchildrenmaterialaffluenceandgrowingconcernforprivatematters. E.Concernforfamilyvaluesiswaning减弱amongyoungerJapaneseastheypursueaninnerworldofprivatesatisfaction. F.Only11%ofJapaneseaged18to24saidtheygetpersonalsatisfactionindoingsomethingonbehalfofsocietyaccordingto1993datafromtheJapanesegovernmentwhilefourtimesasmanyAmericanssaidso. G.AgreaterproportionofJapaneseaged18to24alsopreferredeasyjobswithoutheavyresponsibility. 44
Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.46Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.Admittedlysubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions.47"Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." Leadingquestionscanleadtomistakes.Ifwitnessesareaskedwhethertheoffenderhadabeardtheymayincorporateanimaginarybeardintotheirmemories.Subsequentquestioningcanreinforcetheerrorthroughrepetition. Itisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenprschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandnaturallyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage.48Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong. Anareaofresearchstillrelativelyunexplorediswhetheryoungchildrenhavedifficultiesdistinguishingbetweenrealandimaginedevents.Weconcludethatwhilechildrenareoftenseenasunreliablewitnessesresearchdoesnotbearthatout.49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren. Itisgenerallyagreedsomeadultswhoexperiencesexualabusemayrecallmemoriesoftheabuseafterforgettingit.Thereisnoresearchtoindicatetherecalledmemoriesaremoreorlessaccuratethanmemoriesavailableallalong.Webelieveitisimpossibletodistinguishatruefromafalsememoryanditisdangeroustouseconfidencevividnessanddetailasindicatingtruth.50Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion. Hopefullyfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong.
Text1 Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromdifferencesintheirgoals/’Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtother01eofdataservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthefttranscendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitinaninnovativewaythelimitsofanexistingformratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield:thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Ratherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways. Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.46Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.Admittedlysubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions.47"Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." Leadingquestionscanleadtomistakes.Ifwitnessesareaskedwhethertheoffenderhadabeardtheymayincorporateanimaginarybeardintotheirmemories.Subsequentquestioningcanreinforcetheerrorthroughrepetition. Itisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenprschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandnaturallyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage.48Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong. Anareaofresearchstillrelativelyunexplorediswhetheryoungchildrenhavedifficultiesdistinguishingbetweenrealandimaginedevents.Weconcludethatwhilechildrenareoftenseenasunreliablewitnessesresearchdoesnotbearthatout.49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren. Itisgenerallyagreedsomeadultswhoexperiencesexualabusemayrecallmemoriesoftheabuseafterforgettingit.Thereisnoresearchtoindicatetherecalledmemoriesaremoreorlessaccuratethanmemoriesavailableallalong.Webelieveitisimpossibletodistinguishatruefromafalsememoryanditisdangeroustouseconfidencevividnessanddetailasindicatingtruth.50Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion. Hopefullyfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy
Text2 Ofallthevarietiesofmusicwhichfillourconcerthallstheatersandnightclubsonlyjazzisnative’Americanmusic.Symphoniesandconcertostheancestorsofmovieandtelevisionscoresaswellasof’serious’or’legitimate’electronicmusicwerefirstcomposedinGermany.MusicalcomediesdescendedfromoperawhichwasfirstperformedinItaly.Andourever-popularnightclubsingersarethemusicalheirsoftheFrenchsingersofchansons. TheoneformofmusicwhichdidnotoriginateinEuropeandwhichispopulartodayworldwideisjazz.JazzwasborninNewOrleansthechildoftheBlacks.ItdrewontherhythmsaswellastheemotionalismoftheAfricanmusicofthe’Blackancestorswhichhadbeentransformedintoragtimeandtheblues.Improvisationwasanindispensableelement.Musicianswerepermittedinsoloperformanceplentyoffreedomtoplayinwhatevervariationsjustastheircreativemoodhappenedtoleadthem’along.ButduringtheSwingera1930s--1950simprompturenditionsgavewaytoarrangement.ItwasaperiodwhenjazzhaditswidestpopularappealwiththebigbandsthatboastedofsuchoutstandingbandleadersasDukeEllingtonGlennMillerandawholegalaxyoftop-notchinstrumentalists. Rockmusic’inthe1960sisasociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforceandtherockarenawasseenasasortofdebatingforumaplacewhereideasclashandcrashwhereAmericanyoungstersstruggletodefineandredefinetheirfeelingsandbeliefs.BobDylontouchedanerveofdisaffection.Hespokeofcivilrights;nuclearfalloutandloneliness.Hespokeofchangeandofthebewildermentofanoldergeneration.’Something’shappeninghere’hesang.’Youdon’tknowwhatitisdoyouMr.Jones’ Othersenteredthedebate.TheBeatlesurgedpeaceandpietywithhumorandmaybealittleofhelpfromdrugs.Feelingsalwaysapartofanymusicalstatementwereamajorsubject.ElvisPresleybecamethepopiconmaybebecauseheactedoutyourwildestfantasiesbroughtoutyoursubduedidembodiedyourfrustratedteenagespiritandencouragedyourprotestagainsttraditionalvalues.Inthissenserockisthemusicofteenagerebellion.Allaspectsofmusic--itsexcitingoffbeatloudnessself-absorbedlyricsandravingdelivery--indicatedadefianceofadultauthority. Accordingtothepassagerockdominthesixtieswasseenas
Text2 Ofallthevarietiesofmusicwhichfillourconcerthallstheatersandnightclubsonlyjazzisnative’Americanmusic.Symphoniesandconcertostheancestorsofmovieandtelevisionscoresaswellasof’serious’or’legitimate’electronicmusicwerefirstcomposedinGermany.MusicalcomediesdescendedfromoperawhichwasfirstperformedinItaly.Andourever-popularnightclubsingersarethemusicalheirsoftheFrenchsingersofchansons. TheoneformofmusicwhichdidnotoriginateinEuropeandwhichispopulartodayworldwideisjazz.JazzwasborninNewOrleansthechildoftheBlacks.ItdrewontherhythmsaswellastheemotionalismoftheAfricanmusicofthe’Blackancestorswhichhadbeentransformedintoragtimeandtheblues.Improvisationwasanindispensableelement.Musicianswerepermittedinsoloperformanceplentyoffreedomtoplayinwhatevervariationsjustastheircreativemoodhappenedtoleadthem’along.ButduringtheSwingera1930s--1950simprompturenditionsgavewaytoarrangement.ItwasaperiodwhenjazzhaditswidestpopularappealwiththebigbandsthatboastedofsuchoutstandingbandleadersasDukeEllingtonGlennMillerandawholegalaxyoftop-notchinstrumentalists. Rockmusic’inthe1960sisasociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforceandtherockarenawasseenasasortofdebatingforumaplacewhereideasclashandcrashwhereAmericanyoungstersstruggletodefineandredefinetheirfeelingsandbeliefs.BobDylontouchedanerveofdisaffection.Hespokeofcivilrights;nuclearfalloutandloneliness.Hespokeofchangeandofthebewildermentofanoldergeneration.’Something’shappeninghere’hesang.’Youdon’tknowwhatitisdoyouMr.Jones’ Othersenteredthedebate.TheBeatlesurgedpeaceandpietywithhumorandmaybealittleofhelpfromdrugs.Feelingsalwaysapartofanymusicalstatementwereamajorsubject.ElvisPresleybecamethepopiconmaybebecauseheactedoutyourwildestfantasiesbroughtoutyoursubduedidembodiedyourfrustratedteenagespiritandencouragedyourprotestagainsttraditionalvalues.Inthissenserockisthemusicofteenagerebellion.Allaspectsofmusic--itsexcitingoffbeatloudnessself-absorbedlyricsandravingdelivery--indicatedadefianceofadultauthority. Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text3 Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Bameshassuggestedthatitis.aspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainlyitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthe.soilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantsandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate. ThecarbondioxideCO2fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplantssuchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowingmay havemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetimehoweverisonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesisbywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined--inthepresenceofchlorophyll叶落素andwithenergyderivedfromlight—toformsugarsrequirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopeningsthroughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleafhoweverpermitsanothergas--watervapor--tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities3to4partsin10000partsofairandwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleafat80°Fsaturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10000partsofairthetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actuallybecauseofwindandotherfactorsthelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Alsonotallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates. Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text4 Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother’isdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocial’entitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingthatisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestrugglefor existenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthe competitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Inthefirstparagraphwhydoestheauthorgivethe-definitionsofsometerms
Text2 Ofallthevarietiesofmusicwhichfillourconcerthallstheatersandnightclubsonlyjazzisnative’Americanmusic.Symphoniesandconcertostheancestorsofmovieandtelevisionscoresaswellasof’serious’or’legitimate’electronicmusicwerefirstcomposedinGermany.MusicalcomediesdescendedfromoperawhichwasfirstperformedinItaly.Andourever-popularnightclubsingersarethemusicalheirsoftheFrenchsingersofchansons. TheoneformofmusicwhichdidnotoriginateinEuropeandwhichispopulartodayworldwideisjazz.JazzwasborninNewOrleansthechildoftheBlacks.ItdrewontherhythmsaswellastheemotionalismoftheAfricanmusicofthe’Blackancestorswhichhadbeentransformedintoragtimeandtheblues.Improvisationwasanindispensableelement.Musicianswerepermittedinsoloperformanceplentyoffreedomtoplayinwhatevervariationsjustastheircreativemoodhappenedtoleadthem’along.ButduringtheSwingera1930s--1950simprompturenditionsgavewaytoarrangement.ItwasaperiodwhenjazzhaditswidestpopularappealwiththebigbandsthatboastedofsuchoutstandingbandleadersasDukeEllingtonGlennMillerandawholegalaxyoftop-notchinstrumentalists. Rockmusic’inthe1960sisasociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforceandtherockarenawasseenasasortofdebatingforumaplacewhereideasclashandcrashwhereAmericanyoungstersstruggletodefineandredefinetheirfeelingsandbeliefs.BobDylontouchedanerveofdisaffection.Hespokeofcivilrights;nuclearfalloutandloneliness.Hespokeofchangeandofthebewildermentofanoldergeneration.’Something’shappeninghere’hesang.’Youdon’tknowwhatitisdoyouMr.Jones’ Othersenteredthedebate.TheBeatlesurgedpeaceandpietywithhumorandmaybealittleofhelpfromdrugs.Feelingsalwaysapartofanymusicalstatementwereamajorsubject.ElvisPresleybecamethepopiconmaybebecauseheactedoutyourwildestfantasiesbroughtoutyoursubduedidembodiedyourfrustratedteenagespiritandencouragedyourprotestagainsttraditionalvalues.Inthissenserockisthemusicofteenagerebellion.Allaspectsofmusic--itsexcitingoffbeatloudnessself-absorbedlyricsandravingdelivery--indicatedadefianceofadultauthority. Whichofthefollowingistrue
Text4 Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother’isdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocial’entitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingthatisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestrugglefor existenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthe competitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThephrasefunctioninthedisserviceofoneanotherLine7ParA．1mostprobablymeans
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’scareer15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
JapanesestudentsseemtobelosingpatiencewithworkunliketheircounterpartsintheUnitedStatesandKorea.Ina1993surveyofcollegestudentsinthethreecountriesonly10%oftheJapaneseregardedworkasaprimaryvaluecomparedwith47%oftheirKoreancounterpartsand27%ofAmericanstudents.41______ 42______DatacollectedbytheJapanesegovernmentin1993showsthatonly23%ofJapaneseyoutharethinkingaboutsupportingtheiragedparentsincontrastto63%ofyoungAmericans.Itappearsthatmanyyounger-generationJapanesearelosingbothrespectfortheirparentsandasenseofresponsibilitytothefamily.43______ TheshifttowardindividualismamongJapaneseismostpronouncedamongtheveryyoung.Accordingto1991datafromtheSeimeiHokenBunkaCenterofJapan50%ofJapaneseyouthaged16to19canbelabeled"self-centered"comparedwith33%amongthoseaged25to29.44______ DiminishingsocialresponsibilityaccordingtoYoshizakiistiedtothegrowinginterestinpleasureandpersonalsatisfaction.Astudycomparingsociety-consciousyouthfrom1977to1990foundthattheJapanesehadslippedfarbehindAmericanandAustralianstudents.45_____ YoshizakiconcludesthattheentirevaluesystemofJapaneseyouthisundergoingmajortransformationbuttheyoungergenerationhasnotyetfoundaneworganizedvaluesystemtoreplacetheold. A.Toearntheself-centeredlabeltheyoungpeoplerespondedpositivelytosuchideasas"Iwouldliketomakedecisionswithoutconsideringtraditionalvalues"and"Idon’twanttodoanythingIcan’tenjoydoing." B.ComparewiththeoldgenerationtheyoungJapaneseseemsmoretoenjoyliferatherthanworkhard. C.Japaneseyouthisvigorousandfreshbutlacksexperienceinworkandlife. D.AuthorYoshizakiattributesthechangetoJapaneseparents’overindulgenceoftheirchildrenmaterialaffluenceandgrowingconcernforprivatematters. E.Concernforfamilyvaluesiswaning减弱amongyoungerJapaneseastheypursueaninnerworldofprivatesatisfaction. F.Only11%ofJapaneseaged18to24saidtheygetpersonalsatisfactionindoingsomethingonbehalfofsocietyaccordingto1993datafromtheJapanesegovernmentwhilefourtimesasmanyAmericanssaidso. G.AgreaterproportionofJapaneseaged18to24alsopreferredeasyjobswithoutheavyresponsibility. 42
在NaCl晶体中掺有少量的Cd2+测出Na在NaCl的扩散系数与的关系如图4-16所示图中的两段折线表示什么并说明DNacl与不成线性关系的原因
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