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Text 3 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good m...
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第三部分阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选出最
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完形填空阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从A.B.C.D.四个选项中选出最佳选项Longagotherew
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Text1 There’sonethingaboveallwrongwiththenewBritishpostalcodes:noteveryonehasthatsortofmemory.Someofusofcourseforgetevenh6usenumbersandthepresentpostaldistrictsbutthatmatterslesswhenthereisahumanbeingateverystagetospotthemistake.Whenallthesortingisdoneinoneoperationbyamansittingatamachinetypingspecialmarksontoanenvelopeonesliponyourpartcouldsendyourletterwayoutsidetheareawherethelocalpostmanorafriendlyneighborknowsyourname. OtherwisethenewcodesareallthePostOfficesclaims.Theyarethemostcarefullydesignedintheworldidealforcomputers.Aconfusionoflettersandnumberstheyhavetwopartsseparated bythegapinthemiddle.Togethertheyclassifyaletternotonlythecitywhereitisgoingbutrightdowntotheroundoftheparticularpostmanwhoistocarryitandeventoagroupofhousesorasinglebigbuilding.Inthelongrunthiswillspeedthemailandcutcosts. Thelongrunis10yearsawaythough.Infactthereareonly12PostOfficesinthecountrywhichhavetherightmachinesfullyworkingandthesystemcannotworkatfullefficiencyuntilitisnationwide.YetthePostOfficewantsustostartusingthecodesnowsothatweshallbetrainedwhenthemachinesareready. ButwillweAbusinessmanImetpraisingthevirtuesofthenewsystemexplainedthatlargecompanieslikehiscouldhavecodesoftheirown.Whatwashiscode“Ohdearme.Nowyou’vegotme.Awfullysorry.HoldonaminutewhileIfindasheetofmyheadednotepaper.”Thenhereadpainfullyasifspellingoutawordinaforeignlanguage"W-I-X-6A-B". TheBritishcodesaredescribedasbeing
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhichaspectaretheUniversitiessuperiortotheUniversityCollegesandInstitutes
Text2 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. Aseriousoutcomebroughtoutbytheshortageofresourcesisthat
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibersisharmfultopeople'shealth
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthisarticleis
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides. "Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning. Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult. Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared. Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects. AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. WhatisconsideredtobebadnewsforGulfWarveterans
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhatrespectsaretheUniversityCollegesandInstitutessuperiortotheUniversities
Directions: YouaregoingtoleaveAmericaandareapplyingforthepassport.YouarerequiredtowritealettertothePassportOfficertotellyourcondition: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Martin"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides. "Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning. Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult. Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared. Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects. AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. Whichofthefollowingisexcludedinasymptomoforganophosphatepoisoning
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text1 There’sonethingaboveallwrongwiththenewBritishpostalcodes:noteveryonehasthatsortofmemory.Someofusofcourseforgetevenh6usenumbersandthepresentpostaldistrictsbutthatmatterslesswhenthereisahumanbeingateverystagetospotthemistake.Whenallthesortingisdoneinoneoperationbyamansittingatamachinetypingspecialmarksontoanenvelopeonesliponyourpartcouldsendyourletterwayoutsidetheareawherethelocalpostmanorafriendlyneighborknowsyourname. OtherwisethenewcodesareallthePostOfficesclaims.Theyarethemostcarefullydesignedintheworldidealforcomputers.Aconfusionoflettersandnumberstheyhavetwopartsseparated bythegapinthemiddle.Togethertheyclassifyaletternotonlythecitywhereitisgoingbutrightdowntotheroundoftheparticularpostmanwhoistocarryitandeventoagroupofhousesorasinglebigbuilding.Inthelongrunthiswillspeedthemailandcutcosts. Thelongrunis10yearsawaythough.Infactthereareonly12PostOfficesinthecountrywhichhavetherightmachinesfullyworkingandthesystemcannotworkatfullefficiencyuntilitisnationwide.YetthePostOfficewantsustostartusingthecodesnowsothatweshallbetrainedwhenthemachinesareready. ButwillweAbusinessmanImetpraisingthevirtuesofthenewsystemexplainedthatlargecompanieslikehiscouldhavecodesoftheirown.Whatwashiscode“Ohdearme.Nowyou’vegotme.Awfullysorry.HoldonaminutewhileIfindasheetofmyheadednotepaper.”Thenhereadpainfullyasifspellingoutawordinaforeignlanguage"W-I-X-6A-B". AccordingtothepassagewhatmattersmostinletterdeliveryinBritainisthat
Text1 There’sonethingaboveallwrongwiththenewBritishpostalcodes:noteveryonehasthatsortofmemory.Someofusofcourseforgetevenh6usenumbersandthepresentpostaldistrictsbutthatmatterslesswhenthereisahumanbeingateverystagetospotthemistake.Whenallthesortingisdoneinoneoperationbyamansittingatamachinetypingspecialmarksontoanenvelopeonesliponyourpartcouldsendyourletterwayoutsidetheareawherethelocalpostmanorafriendlyneighborknowsyourname. OtherwisethenewcodesareallthePostOfficesclaims.Theyarethemostcarefullydesignedintheworldidealforcomputers.Aconfusionoflettersandnumberstheyhavetwopartsseparated bythegapinthemiddle.Togethertheyclassifyaletternotonlythecitywhereitisgoingbutrightdowntotheroundoftheparticularpostmanwhoistocarryitandeventoagroupofhousesorasinglebigbuilding.Inthelongrunthiswillspeedthemailandcutcosts. Thelongrunis10yearsawaythough.Infactthereareonly12PostOfficesinthecountrywhichhavetherightmachinesfullyworkingandthesystemcannotworkatfullefficiencyuntilitisnationwide.YetthePostOfficewantsustostartusingthecodesnowsothatweshallbetrainedwhenthemachinesareready. ButwillweAbusinessmanImetpraisingthevirtuesofthenewsystemexplainedthatlargecompanieslikehiscouldhavecodesoftheirown.Whatwashiscode“Ohdearme.Nowyou’vegotme.Awfullysorry.HoldonaminutewhileIfindasheetofmyheadednotepaper.”Thenhereadpainfullyasifspellingoutawordinaforeignlanguage"W-I-X-6A-B". TheBritishPostOfficepraisesthecodesas
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2 Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterly impossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild. Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy. Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Whichofthefollowingisanappropriatetitleforthepassage
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.
Text3 Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides. "Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning. Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult. Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared. Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects. AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. Whichoftiefollowingillnesseshasbeenprovedtobelinkedwithorganophosphatepoisoning
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealdangercomesfrom
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 43
Text2 Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterly impossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild. Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy. Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Whichofthefollowingisnottrue
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 45
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 41
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
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