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我国新课程改革中的“活动课程”与杜威的“活动课程”没有差异。
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我国课程计划中的活动课程与杜威所提倡的活动课程无实质 性的差别
我国课程改革中的活动课程就是通常所说的课外活动
课程综合性是新课程特点之一其综合性表现为设置综合课程增加综合实践活动课程
新课程改革方案规定从小学到高中设置综合实践活动课程并作为选修课程
美国实用主义教育家杜威所倡导的课程理论是
学科课程论
活动课程论
要素主义课程论
永恒主义课程论
以下呈互补关系的是
分课课程与活动课程
核心课程与外围课程
显性课程与隐性课程
核心课程与活动课程
杜威常被认为是的发展历史中的代表人物之一
学科课程
科目课程
活动课程
分科课程
我国课程计划中的活动课程与杜威所提倡的活动课程无实质差别
是杜威提出的为完成活动课程的教学原则
我国中小学课程类型主要包括学科课程活动课程______
我国当前基础教育课程改革设立的综合实践活动是______
原来没有任何基础的新课程
由学校自主开发的校本课程
一门知识性的学科课程
对原有活动课程的继承、发展与规范
请结合我国基础教育课程改革背景论述综合实践活动课程实施的基本理念
我国基础教育新课程改革关于课程结构的变革体现为
小学阶段以分科课程为主
初中阶段设置分科与综合相结合的课程
高中以综合课程为主
小学至高中设置综合实践活动课并作为选修课程
在我国当前课程管理的改革中试行三级课程管理其中新增的 课程管理是.
综合课程和分科课程
学科课程和活动课程
地方课程和学校课程
显性课程和隐性课程
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火的发现和使用对人类生存和发展的重大意义
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Welearnbyinferencethatprivatepropertymay
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points3
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Theworddownpourinthesecondparagraphmostlikelyrefersto
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. TheauthorconcludesthatonlysharedmythscanhelpAmericans
腊玛古猿的最早发现者是
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. AccordingtotheNAS’’sreportoneoftheproblemsinend-of-tirecareis
自然崇拜
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points1
弓箭的发明是哪一个时代的主要标志
原上猿埃及古猿森林古猿
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points7
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Intheauthor’’sviewthegreatesttroublewiththeU.S.societyliesinthe
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Thetwostudiesmentionedinthetextclearlystatedthat
KNM—ER1470号人类头骨
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicture 2interpretitsimplicationsinlifeand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Somehoweverarelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotakebypersonsinauthorityacttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredictedhoweverthatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupportlikeallgovernmentsupportrequiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad"sciencebutavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generallytheideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74.Howevertheworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepastgivingrisetonewstandardsofelegance. Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.
物种起源
Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Somehoweverarelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotakebypersonsinauthorityacttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredictedhoweverthatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupportlikeallgovernmentsupportrequiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad"sciencebutavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generallytheideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74.Howevertheworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepastgivingrisetonewstandardsofelegance. Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepastgivingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.
直立人化石最早由谁发现
现代人种出现于人类发展过程中的哪一个时期
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points5
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatChristopherLaschismostprobably
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points9
农业革命的中心以及农业革命的影响
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Theauthordeemsprivateownershiptobe
Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Somehoweverarelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotakebypersonsinauthorityacttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredictedhoweverthatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupportlikeallgovernmentsupportrequiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad"sciencebutavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generallytheideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74.Howevertheworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepastgivingrisetonewstandardsofelegance. Howevertheworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.
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