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在第一次中东战争中阿拉伯方面的宣战国有
埃及
伊拉克
叙利亚
黎巴嫩
约旦
阿里以军事起家建立了强大的军事帝国但是连年的对外战争最终导致了阿里改革毁于一旦下列对阿里对外战争的连
东一阿拉伯半岛
西一叙利亚
南一苏丹
北一希腊
二战以来中东地区长期动荡不安中东战争海湾战争巴以冲突叙利亚内战导致这一局面出现的外部因素是
民族矛盾
领土争端
教派冲突
大国干涉
下列关于历次中东战争的表述不正确的是
第一次战争以阿拉伯国家的失败而告终
第二次中东战争的导火线是1956年埃及将英、法控制的苏伊士运河公司收归国有
在第三次中东战争中，以色列占领了埃及和叙利亚的大片土地
1973年10月，以色列向埃及、叙利亚发动大规模战争，打响“十月战争”
下列关于历次中东战争的表述错误的是
第一次中东战争以阿拉伯国家的失败而告终
第二次中东战争的导火线是埃及宣布将苏伊士运河公司收归国有
第三次中东战争，以色列占领了埃及和叙利亚的大片土地
1973年10月，以色列向埃及、叙利亚发动大规模战争，打响“十月战争”
第一次中东战争的挑起国家是①埃及②外约旦③叙利亚④伊拉克⑤黎巴嫩⑥伊朗
①②③④⑤
②③④⑤⑥
①③④⑤⑥
①②④⑤⑥
两伊战争结束后伊拉克领导人萨达姆的侵略目标是
以色列
叙利亚
沙特阿拉伯
科威特
与罗马共和国向外扩张无关的一场战争是
布匿战争
马其顿战争
希波战争
叙利亚战争
经过长达7年的调查英国官方承认发动的决定不正当时任英国首相布莱尔对此负有不可推卸的责任
叙利亚战争
伊拉克战争
阿拉伯之春
两伊战争
都为__主义势力的壮大开辟了空间
利比亚战争
叙利亚内战
伊拉克教派纷争
也门内乱
希波战争叙利亚战争美塞尼亚战争同盟者战争布匿战争
叙利亚局势危机牵动全球的神经材料一叙利亚爆发内战以来多次发生化学武器袭击危机不断升级美国认定化武袭击
20世纪70年代的第四次中东战争是以色列与之间的一场战争
埃及
叙利亚
埃及与叙利亚
2013年9月4日就叙利亚化武事件美国国会参议院外交关系委员会的两党重要委员一致同意授权美军对叙利亚
总统
国会
法院
参议院
海湾战争美国攻击的阿拉伯国家是
叙利亚
阿富汗
伊拉克
伊朗
海湾战争美国攻击的阿拉伯国家是
叙利亚
阿富汗
伊拉克
伊朗
二战以来中东地区长期动荡不安中东战争海湾战争巴以冲突叙利亚内战导致这一局面出现的外部因素是
民族矛盾
领土争端
教派冲突
大国干涉
在中东战争中以色列占领埃及和叙利亚的大片土地是在第几次战争中
一
二
三
四
下列关于历次中东战争的表述不正确的是
第一次战争以阿拉伯国家的失败而告终
第二次中东战争的导火线是1956年，埃及将英、法控制的苏伊士运河公司收归国有
在第三次中东战争，以色列占领了埃及和叙利亚的大片土地
1973年10月，以色列向埃及、叙利亚发动大规模战争，打响“十月战争”
在第四次中东战争中阿拉伯国家作为武器支持埃及叙利亚斗争的是
石油
天然气
煤炭
示威游行
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Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheSurrealistsmadeeveryendeavor
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 41
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theauthorconcludesthat
Yourofficeisinbadneedofanewcopier.WritealettertotheRBMManufacturingCompanytoindicate: 1themodelofcopieryouneed 2itsworkingloadrequiredand 3inquiryaboutpricewarrantyandservice. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 45
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Welearnfromthetextthatartisticcreations
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 43
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. Thereportsaysthatiftheuseoffossilfuelswerebanned
Directions:ProfessorWangyourseniormiddleschoolEnglishteacherhasbeenteachingforexactlythirtyyears.Yourformerclassmatesaregoingtoholdapartytocelebratethisspecialoccasion.Youcannotattendthepartyforacertainreason.SoyouaregoingtowritealettertoProfessorWangtoexpressyourcongratulationsaswellasyourapologyforfailingtoshowupintheparty.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Thewordpervasive’’Line1Paragraph2mightmean___________.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat___________.
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Outline: 1presentsituation 2necessityoftheproject 3mysuggestion
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." WhathadBuchwaldexperiencedbeforeenteringthehospice
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. WhichofthefollowingisincludedintheEPAreport
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