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PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 41
AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish. Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceofwhomforexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish. Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonaldoingourownthinghasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingstriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft. IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper. RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpaperplatesinsteadofchina.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone. ThewordtalkingLine6Paragraph3denotes
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 43
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentlybasedon________________.
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Thegrowingpopularityofmeditationresultsfrompeople’’sneedfor
Directions: Youarepromotingthesaleoffaxmachineforacorporation.Writeasaleslettertoabusinessofficemanagertodescribe: 1itsadvantagesovermailsande-mail 2serviceandguaranteeand 3theeasiestwayofpurchase. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 45
1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Meditationtodayischaracterizedby
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Theexampleofozonereductionisusedtoshowthe
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10Points46Basedonaccumulatedsocialresearchtherenowcanbelittledoubtthatsuccessfulandwell-adjustedchildreninmodemsocietiesaremostlikelytocomefromtwo-parentfamiliesconsistingofthebiologicalfatherandmother.Alternativefamilyformswhichareattemptedsuchassingleparentandstepfamilieshavebeendemonstratedtobeinferiorinchildoutcomes.Therecentmovementawayfromthetwo-natural-parentfamilyhasledtoconsiderablesocialmalaiseamongtheyoungnottomentionsocialdecayingeneral.47Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamiliesliveamongcaregivingrelativesandinsupportivecommunitiesbutthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.Historicallyasubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhoodandthistrendisprobablyirreversible.Thestatehastriedtofillthevacuumbutwithoutmuchsuccess.Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilytheremaybemoreimportanttodayforchildrenandforsocietyingeneralthaneverbeforeinhistory.Constitutingoneofthegreatestdilemmasfacedbymodemsocietieshoweveristhefactthatnuclearfamilythemselvesarebreakingapartatdramaticallyhighrates.48Thechancesinsomesocietiesarenowlessthan50to50thanksmainlytodivorcethatachildwilllivecontinuouslytoadulthoodwithbothnaturalparents.Thisisdespitethefactthatunlikeintimespastparentsnowalmostalwayslivetoseetheirchildrenreachmaturity.Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged.Notsolongagomarriagewasaneconomicbondofmutualdependencyasocialbondheavilyupheldbyextendedfamilies.Todaymarriageisnoneofthese.49Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbywealthbyfemaleeconomicpursuitandbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutdisappearedandmodemsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligion.Marriagehasbecomeapurelyindividualpursuitanimpliedandnotveryenforceablecontractbetweentwopeople;arelationshipdesignedtosatisfybasicneedsforintimacydependencyandsex.Whentheseneedschangeorwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscoveredmarriageareeasilydissolved.Moreovermoreoftheeverydayneedstraditionallymetbymarriagecanbemetinotherwayssuchasthroughthemarketplace.50WithitssurroundingandsupportingsocialstructurescollapsingcantherebeanyhopethatthenuclearfamilycanberevivedYesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind.Iftheevolutionarybiologistsarecorrecthumanbeingsareapair-bondingspecies. Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamiliesliveamongcaregivingrelativesandinsupportivecommunitiesbutthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.
Text4Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer--governmentorprivate--shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’resultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldby14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employedBlackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’argumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Itcanbeinferredthatthestatementsinthelastparagrapharemostprobably
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. AccordingtothepassageA-typeindividualsareusually________________.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10Points46Basedonaccumulatedsocialresearchtherenowcanbelittledoubtthatsuccessfulandwell-adjustedchildreninmodemsocietiesaremostlikelytocomefromtwo-parentfamiliesconsistingofthebiologicalfatherandmother.Alternativefamilyformswhichareattemptedsuchassingleparentandstepfamilieshavebeendemonstratedtobeinferiorinchildoutcomes.Therecentmovementawayfromthetwo-natural-parentfamilyhasledtoconsiderablesocialmalaiseamongtheyoungnottomentionsocialdecayingeneral.47Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamiliesliveamongcaregivingrelativesandinsupportivecommunitiesbutthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.Historicallyasubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhoodandthistrendisprobablyirreversible.Thestatehastriedtofillthevacuumbutwithoutmuchsuccess.Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilytheremaybemoreimportanttodayforchildrenandforsocietyingeneralthaneverbeforeinhistory.Constitutingoneofthegreatestdilemmasfacedbymodemsocietieshoweveristhefactthatnuclearfamilythemselvesarebreakingapartatdramaticallyhighrates.48Thechancesinsomesocietiesarenowlessthan50to50thanksmainlytodivorcethatachildwilllivecontinuouslytoadulthoodwithbothnaturalparents.Thisisdespitethefactthatunlikeintimespastparentsnowalmostalwayslivetoseetheirchildrenreachmaturity.Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged.Notsolongagomarriagewasaneconomicbondofmutualdependencyasocialbondheavilyupheldbyextendedfamilies.Todaymarriageisnoneofthese.49Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbywealthbyfemaleeconomicpursuitandbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutdisappearedandmodemsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligion.Marriagehasbecomeapurelyindividualpursuitanimpliedandnotveryenforceablecontractbetweentwopeople;arelationshipdesignedtosatisfybasicneedsforintimacydependencyandsex.Whentheseneedschangeorwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscoveredmarriageareeasilydissolved.Moreovermoreoftheeverydayneedstraditionallymetbymarriagecanbemetinotherwayssuchasthroughthemarketplace.50WithitssurroundingandsupportingsocialstructurescollapsingcantherebeanyhopethatthenuclearfamilycanberevivedYesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind.Iftheevolutionarybiologistsarecorrecthumanbeingsareapair-bondingspecies. Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbywealthbyfemaleeconomicpursuitandbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutdisappearedandmodemsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligion.
Directions: YesterdayyoufailedtoturnupfortheappointmentwithyourteacherProfessorWang.Writehimanoteofapologyandmakearequestforanothermeeting.Youshouldalsosuggestthetimefortherequestedmeeting. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish. Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceofwhomforexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish. Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonaldoingourownthinghasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingstriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft. IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper. RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpaperplatesinsteadofchina.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone. ThedescriptionofRussians’’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’’s
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Accordingtothetextdecreasedevaporationismostlikelytobringabout
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Theauthoracclaimsthebenefitsofmeditationas
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
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