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女，45岁，发热、咳脓痰1周，胸片右下背段浸润阴影。用青霉素治疗体温稍下降，但痰量增多，为脓血痰，有臭味。胸片大片浸润阴影中出现空腔。首选用哪项检查来协助作出诊断
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女性45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片示大片
2周
3周
4周
8周
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸
2周
3周
4周
8周
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸润
左侧卧位
右侧卧位
头低仰卧位
头低俯卧位
坐位
治疗2周后患者临床症状明显改善胸片空腔缩小抗生素总疗程一般宜持续
2周
3周
4周
6周
8周
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片示大片
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
假如作体位引流应实行的体位是
左侧卧位
右侧卧位
头低仰卧位
头低俯卧位
坐位
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸润
左侧卧位
右侧卧位
头低仰卧位
头低俯卧位
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸
左侧卧位
右侧卧位
头低仰卧位
头低俯卧位
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片示右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但 痰量增多为脓血痰
7.5%
50%
45%
52.5%
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸润
2周
3周
4周
8周
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸润
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有
7.5%
50%
45%
52．5%
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸润
2周
3周
4周
6周
8周
患者女性45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
安络血
患者女性45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片可
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
安络血
治疗中需加用
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
卡巴克洛
女性45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有臭味胸片大片浸
2周
3周
4周
8周
女45岁发热咳脓痰1周胸片右下背段浸润阴影用青霉素治疗体温稍下降但痰量增多为脓血痰有
祛痰药
甲硝唑
阿米卡星
红霉素
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Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. ThestatementitisalltoomonkeyLastlineParagraph1impliesthat
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth."Anthropology."derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"thestudyof."Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior.65Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.
1effectofthecountry’’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife 2possiblereasonfortheeffect 3yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection
大肠湿热证
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe__________.
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth."Anthropology."derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"thestudyof."Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior.65Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican__________.
试述同病异证与异病同证的内涵
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-called"breakthroughs"makegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7.8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect.However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points.12
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth."Anthropology."derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"thestudyof."Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior.65Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Whatdistinguishesusonefromanotherseemstobe
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-called"breakthroughs"makegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7.8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect.However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points.16
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-called"breakthroughs"makegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7.8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect.However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points.14
心火亢盛证与膀胱湿热证均可出现小便赤涩灼痛如何从病机及症状加以鉴别
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtoBruceAlbertssciencecanserveas
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-called"breakthroughs"makegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7.8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect.However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points.20
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Theauthorbelievesthatwithoutambition
腐苔与腻苔在形态和主病上有何不同
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Theauthorholdsambitiontobe
角弓反张
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-called"breakthroughs"makegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7.8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect.However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points.18
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