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阅读下文 ①刘晏初为转运使，常以厚直募善走者，觇报四方物价。虽远方不数日皆达使司①。食货轻重之权，悉在掌握，国家获利，而天下无甚贵甚贱之忧。 ②晏又以为户口滋多，则赋税自广，故其理财...
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阅读下面的文字完成1～4题25分 科学巨人玻尔 1927年第五届索尔维物理学会议在布鲁塞尔召开激烈的辩论很快就变成了一场爱因斯坦与玻尔之间的决斗这场辩论在三年后的第六届索尔维会议上战火再续玻尔获得胜利他所代表的哥本哈根学派因此获得了大多数物理学家的认同他们对量子力学的解释也被奉为正统解释这次辩论就是著名的爱因斯坦--玻尔论战有人称之为物理学史上的巅峰对决 爱因斯坦和玻尔这两位科学巨人的背后是现代物理学的两大基础理论——相对论和量自子力学他们的争论旷日持久几乎所有理论物理学家都被吸引并参与进来乐此不疲尽管两人的科学理论和思想观点始终没能调和但他们却结下了长达数十年的友谊玻尔高度评价他与爱因斯坦的学术之争认为它是自己许多新思想产生的源泉爱因斯坦也称赞说很少有谁像玻尔那样对隐秘的事物具有如此敏锐的直觉同时又兼有如此强有力的批判能力他是我们时代科学领域伟大的发现者之一 与爱因斯坦更个性化的独自研究不同玻尔周围聚集着许多杰出的理论物理学家他不但有革新的勇气更是一位伟大的伯乐他为量子物理学培养和组织了一支创新发展的队伍人们称之为哥本哈根学派后来的诺贝尔物理学奖获得者玻恩海森伯泡利以及狄拉克等都曾是其主要成员 哥本哈根学派活动的大本营就是哥本哈根理论物理研究所该所是玻尔在1917年申请并于l921年正式成立的他以著名科学家的身份为研究所作担保筹集了大量资金在任所长的40年间他以特有的人格魅力吸引了世界各地的青年才俊使研究所成为当时全世界最重要最活跃的量子力学研究中心这里先后培养了600多名物理学家玻尔使这个科学家群体中的每个个体的力量发挥到极致形成了以集体讨论和自由探索为特征的研究风格他还经常在此举办非公开的小型年会邀请各国著名的物理学家出席相互学习启发交流这里没有论资排辈只有挑战与争鸣形成了富有激情和活力不断进取的学术精神人们誉之为哥本哈根精神这种精神至今仍在科学研究领域受到推崇量子力学每前进一步或多或少都与这个学派科学家的合作研究有关可以说玻尔领导的哥本哈根学派具备了一个科学学派应有的优秀特质 希特勒上台后玻尔以访问德国为名暗地调查德国科学家的安全情况然后设法把可能受到__的犹太科学家转移到安全地方他还积极创立和参加丹麦救援组织尽力帮助逃到哥本哈根的科学家与其他难民 德国纳粹控制丹麦后玻尔起初留在国内与抗敌组织保持密切联系他一贯的不合作态度令纳粹非常恼火1943年玻尔受到纳粹分子的威胁他冒险出逃历尽艰险辗转到达美国在美期间为抗击法西斯他曾参加原子弹的研制工作在研制过程中他就考虑到这一研究成果对未来世界的影响并曾多次接触英美首脑建议他们及早与苏联达成控制原子武器的协议但没有成功 二战后玻尔积极倡导和实施国际间的科学合作l957年美国福特基金会将第一届原子为了和平奖授予玻尔以表彰他在全世界迫切需要的原则上以友好的精神进行科学探索在和平利用原子能以满足人类需要方面作出了榜样 摘编自邹丽焱玻尔传 相关链接 ①玻尔1885～1962丹麦物理学家在普朗克量子假说和卢瑟福原子行星模型的基础上于l913年提出氢原子结构和氢光谱的初步理论稍后又提出对应原理对量子论和量子力学的建立起了重要作用l927年又提出互补原理在原子核反应理论解释重核裂变现象等方面也有重要贡献获1922年诺贝尔物理学奖摘自辞海第六版 ②1918年玻尔的老师卢瑟福邀请他赴英国工作他在回信中说虽然哥本哈根大学在财力人员能力和实验室管理上都达不到英国的水平但我立志尽力帮助丹麦发展自己的物理学研究工作我的职责是在这里尽我的全部力量摘自戈革玻尔集 玻尔特有的人格魅力表现在哪些方面请结合材料谈谈你的看法8分
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
下列各句中没有语病的一句是3分
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
阅读下面的材料根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章60分 山羊过独木桥是为民学校传统的团体比赛项目规则是双方队员两两对决同时相向而行走上仅容一人通行的低矮独木桥能突破对方阻拦成功过桥者获胜最后以全队通过人数多少决定胜负因此习惯上双方相遇时会像山羊抵角一样尽力使对方落下桥自己通过不过今年预赛中出现了新情况有一组比赛双方选手相遇时互相抱住转身换位全都顺利过了桥这种做法当场就引发了观众运动员和裁判员的激烈争论 事后相关的思考还在继续 要求选好角度确定立意明确文体自拟标题不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文不要套作不得抄袭
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
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