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关于急性ITP，下列哪项是正确的
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关于急性ITP下列哪项是正确的
多见于成人
血小板寿命正常
骨髓幼稚巨核细胞增加
大多数病人可迁延不愈转为慢性型
关于急性ITP下列哪项是正确的
多见于成人
多见于女性
骨髓幼稚巨核细胞增加
大多数病人可迁延不愈转为慢性型
血小板寿命正常
关于急性ITP下列哪项是正确的
多见于成人
多见于女性
骨髓幼稚巨核细胞增加
大多数患者可迁延不愈转为慢性型
血小板寿命正常
关于急性ITP下列哪项是正确的
多见于女性
多见于成人
骨髓巨核细胞以幼稚型为主
大多数患者可迁延不愈转为慢性型
血小板寿命正常
关于急性ITP下列哪项是正确的
多见于成人
多见于女性
骨髓巨核细胞以幼稚型为主
大多数病人可迁延不愈转为慢性型
血小板寿命正常
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EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial. Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier. Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease. Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn. Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld. Whydosomepeoplebecomevegetarians
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof“zerowaste”soundspoliticallyattractive. WastefirmsexpectagreatdevelopmentinChinaIndiaandBrazilbecause
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. Thestudents’ambitiontosucceedmaybehinderedby
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial. Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier. Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease. Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn. Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld. WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarian
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes. Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime. Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary. Theparadoxintherelationshipofeducationtobusinessisthat
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Yourofficeisinbadneedofanewcopier.WritealettertotheRBMManufacturingCompanytoindicate: 1themodelofcopieryouneed 2itsworkingloadrequiredand 3inquiryaboutpricewarrantyandservice. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Directions:Youwereknockeddownbyataxitheotherday;apasser-bysentyoutothehospital.Writealettertothepersontoexpressyourgratitude.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof“zerowaste”soundspoliticallyattractive. Accordingtotheauthor’sidealproductswithhighprices
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism.
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. 41
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes. Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime. Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary. Thereisn’tastereotypedbusinessmanbecause
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. WhatdoestheexpressiontodisabusethemofthenotionLine7Para.4mean
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial. Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier. Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease. Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn. Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. 45
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. 43
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes. Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime. Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary. Accordingtothelastparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrue
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
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