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Text 3 As everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings. Since they do not necessarily,...
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Everyoneknowsthat______paperwasinventedby_______Ch
/; the
the; a
a; /
a; a
Everyoneknowspandasareveryfriendtopeople.
Paulisnewhereso_______knowshim.obody
someone
everyone
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单项选择Everyone________herebutnoone________her.
is; knows
are; know
is; know
are; knows
Everyoneknowsthatpandaslikeeating.
Everyone__Shanghaiisoneofthemostbeautiful_inChin
A. knows citys
know; city
know ; cities
knows ; cities
Aseveryoneknowsthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthe.
Aseveryoneknowsmakesperfect.练习
Everyoneknowsthatlearningisimportant.
Everyoneknowsthatpracticemakes完美的.
Everyoneknowsthattheisaplacewherepeoplecanborrowbo
Bogisagreatmovieact.Everyoneknowshimwell.
Almosteveryoneknowsthatthesun riseintheeast.
Everyoneknowstheimportantofeducation.
Everyoneknowsthatthemoongoesaroundthe.
Bobisagreatmovieact.Everyoneknowshimwell.
Everyoneknowsthegiraffehasalong.
EveryoneknowstheimportantofstudyingChineseinChina
Everyoneknowstheimportantoftheexam.
NoteveryoneknowstheimportantofEnglish.
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Outline: 1.Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopleasthemostpowerfulandimportantthinginlife. 2.Buttherearecertainthingsthatcannotbeboughtwithmoney. 3.Likeeverythingelsemoneyhastwosidespositiveandnegative.
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasonepartofthelargercontextofbullying
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 18
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.ThewordexclusionaryLine3Para.2canbebestexplainedby______.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 2
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. AccordingtothepassagewhatistheprobablereasonforthelongerrepliesofPresidentKennedy
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Evidenceindicatedthatahighpercentageoffatherswereinvolvedintheparentingprocesswhichamountedto
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 42
Text4 Alotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchildren.Afewyearsagothesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychologistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyingthisproblemthereisnotmuchevidencethat’televisionbringsaboutjuveniledelinquency. Fewpeopleinthemodernworldsharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.Inthosedayswritersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooksbuthadnoinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.Thesedayschildrenareoftenbroughtuptothinkfreelyaboutsexbutviolenceisdiscouraged.Neverthelesstelevisioncompaniesreceivealargenumberofletterseveryweekcomplainaboutprogrammeswithadultsthemesbeingshownattimeswhenafewyoungchildrenmaybeawake.Strangelyenoughtheparentswhocomplainabouttheseprogrammesseenoharmincartoonfilmsforchildreninwhichthevillainusuallyeitherananimaloramonsterbutinsomecasesahumanbeingsuffersonebrutalpunishmentafteranother. Thefactisthataseveryparentknowsdifferentthingsfrightendifferentchildren.Onechildcanreadaghoststorywithouthavingbaddreamswhileanothercannotbeartohavethebookinhisroom.Inthesamewaythereislittleconsistencyaboutthethingsthatterrifyadults.Almosteveryonehasanirrationalprivatefearbutwhilesomeofuscannotstandthesightofspidersforexampleothersarefrightenedofsnakesorrats. Theevidencecollectedsuggestshoweverthatneitherthesubjectnortheactioninitselffrightenschildren.Thecontextinwhichcrueltyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant. Agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.Ineachstorytheyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereassuringandsensibleasachild’sparentsshouldbeinreallife.Thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandaliarbutboththechildrenarebraveandofcourseeverystoryendshappily. Somepeoplethinkchildrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspossible.Buttheycannothelpseeingthesethroughnewprogrammes.Whentheyarebeingentertainedthehealthiestatmosphereisoneinwhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation. Thetelevisionseriesmentionedishealthyinthat
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 6
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasurestopromotetheuseofthenewlanterns
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 8
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Nationalismwillbecomeracismwhenitiscombinedwith______.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 14
Text4 Alotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchildren.Afewyearsagothesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychologistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyingthisproblemthereisnotmuchevidencethat’televisionbringsaboutjuveniledelinquency. Fewpeopleinthemodernworldsharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.Inthosedayswritersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooksbuthadnoinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.Thesedayschildrenareoftenbroughtuptothinkfreelyaboutsexbutviolenceisdiscouraged.Neverthelesstelevisioncompaniesreceivealargenumberofletterseveryweekcomplainaboutprogrammeswithadultsthemesbeingshownattimeswhenafewyoungchildrenmaybeawake.Strangelyenoughtheparentswhocomplainabouttheseprogrammesseenoharmincartoonfilmsforchildreninwhichthevillainusuallyeitherananimaloramonsterbutinsomecasesahumanbeingsuffersonebrutalpunishmentafteranother. Thefactisthataseveryparentknowsdifferentthingsfrightendifferentchildren.Onechildcanreadaghoststorywithouthavingbaddreamswhileanothercannotbeartohavethebookinhisroom.Inthesamewaythereislittleconsistencyaboutthethingsthatterrifyadults.Almosteveryonehasanirrationalprivatefearbutwhilesomeofuscannotstandthesightofspidersforexampleothersarefrightenedofsnakesorrats. Theevidencecollectedsuggestshoweverthatneitherthesubjectnortheactioninitselffrightenschildren.Thecontextinwhichcrueltyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant. Agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.Ineachstorytheyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereassuringandsensibleasachild’sparentsshouldbeinreallife.Thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandaliarbutboththechildrenarebraveandofcourseeverystoryendshappily. Somepeoplethinkchildrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspossible.Buttheycannothelpseeingthesethroughnewprogrammes.Whentheyarebeingentertainedthehealthiestatmosphereisoneinwhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation. Whichstatementistrue
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Allofthechildrenstudied
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./ThepurposeoftheLightingAfricaprogramisto______.
Text4 Alotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchildren.Afewyearsagothesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychologistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyingthisproblemthereisnotmuchevidencethat’televisionbringsaboutjuveniledelinquency. Fewpeopleinthemodernworldsharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.Inthosedayswritersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooksbuthadnoinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.Thesedayschildrenareoftenbroughtuptothinkfreelyaboutsexbutviolenceisdiscouraged.Neverthelesstelevisioncompaniesreceivealargenumberofletterseveryweekcomplainaboutprogrammeswithadultsthemesbeingshownattimeswhenafewyoungchildrenmaybeawake.Strangelyenoughtheparentswhocomplainabouttheseprogrammesseenoharmincartoonfilmsforchildreninwhichthevillainusuallyeitherananimaloramonsterbutinsomecasesahumanbeingsuffersonebrutalpunishmentafteranother. Thefactisthataseveryparentknowsdifferentthingsfrightendifferentchildren.Onechildcanreadaghoststorywithouthavingbaddreamswhileanothercannotbeartohavethebookinhisroom.Inthesamewaythereislittleconsistencyaboutthethingsthatterrifyadults.Almosteveryonehasanirrationalprivatefearbutwhilesomeofuscannotstandthesightofspidersforexampleothersarefrightenedofsnakesorrats. Theevidencecollectedsuggestshoweverthatneitherthesubjectnortheactioninitselffrightenschildren.Thecontextinwhichcrueltyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant. Agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.Ineachstorytheyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereassuringandsensibleasachild’sparentsshouldbeinreallife.Thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandaliarbutboththechildrenarebraveandofcourseeverystoryendshappily. Somepeoplethinkchildrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspossible.Buttheycannothelpseeingthesethroughnewprogrammes.Whentheyarebeingentertainedthehealthiestatmosphereisoneinwhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation. Thetelevisionprogrammesthatfrightenchildrenarethosethat
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 16
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 10
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 20
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention.
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.ThewordambivalentLine3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans______.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 12
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective.
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. Themechanicaddressfromtheretiredbrigadier'swifeisanexampleof
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Thetwophenomenamentionedinparagraph1canbesummarizedas______.
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 44
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 4
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