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In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong--andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount"saysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution"includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia. Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident." Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
Directions: Inthefollowingtext.somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45.choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices.whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 43
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
在一般情况下厂商得到的价格若低于成本就停止生产
Directions: Inthefollowingtext.somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45.choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices.whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 45
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong--andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount"saysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution"includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident." WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen"accordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreased"opportunities"forstress."It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith"saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s"sheobserves"it’sjust.thatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner." Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareex-posedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating." AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter."Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck." NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction. AccordingtoParagraph4thestresswomenconfronttendstobe
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen"accordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreased"opportunities"forstress."It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith"saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s"sheobserves"it’sjust.thatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner." Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareex-posedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating." AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter."Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck." NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen"accordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreased"opportunities"forstress."It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith"saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s"sheobserves"it’sjust.thatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner." Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareex-posedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating." AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter."Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck." NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident." Thetextintendstotellusthat
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
生产可能性曲线向外凸出的原因是
Directions: Inthefollowingtext.somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45.choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices.whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 41
PartC InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.Thishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausethe"Originofspecies"isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"IhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree."49Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully." Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic."50Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter. Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics
PartC InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.Thishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausethe"Originofspecies"isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"IhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree."49Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully." Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic."50Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter. Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions: YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottore-turntoBobyourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto 1makeanapologyand 2suggestasolution. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysup-portedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswhere.journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysup-portedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswhere.journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers. Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodeltheauthorofapaperisrequiredto
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
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