首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: You are supposed to invite Dr. King to make a speech about the future development of c...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouinten
Directions:YouaresupposedtowritefortheEditorialOff
Directions: YouaresupposedtowritefortheEditorialO
Directions: Supposeyouareafreshmanandyouintendtoi
You________arriveat6:00ambutyouarrivedat7:00am.You
are supposed; were supposed
were supposed to; are supposed to
were supposed; are supposed
are supposed to; were supposed to
Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemest
Directions: Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouint
Directions: YouaresupposedtowritefortheEnglishClu
Directions:Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouinten
Directions:YouaresupposedtowritefortheEnglishClub
Directions:Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesforj
Directions:YouaresupposedtowritefortheEnglishCluba
Directions:Inalmosteveryvocationcollegestudentsare
Directions: Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgradua
Directions:Youweresupposedtoattendaconferenceyeste
Directions: Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesfo
PartA Directions:YouaresupposedtoinviteDr.Kingtom
Directions: Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesfo
Directions: Youaresupposedtoputforwardsomerulesfo
Directions:Supposeyouareafreshmanandyouintendtoinq
热门试题
更多
Inthelastparagraphtheauthorsuggestedthat
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations. NBACwillaskthatClinton’’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning. Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled. NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforbirthforresearchortobeforknowinglyendangeranembryo’’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstillupintheair. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat____________.
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
YouborrowedsomerecentissuesofU.S.businessmagazinefromyourprofessoramonthagobutdelayedreturningthem.Writealetterofapologytoyourprofessorstatingyourreasonsforthedelayandexpressingyourthanks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Privateownershipofpropertyisfinallydescribedas
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Accordingtothetexttheconceptofownershipprobably
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations. NBACwillaskthatClinton’’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning. Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled. NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforbirthforresearchortobeforknowinglyendangeranembryo’’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstillupintheair. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
BythephraseraisedeyebrowswithintheindustryLine7Paragraph2wecanlearnthatGooglehas
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. Accordingtothetextithaslongbeenbelievedthat
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 2giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
BytheyvotewiththeirfeetLine2Paragraph2theauthormeansthatthestudents
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. DavidGraddolpredictsthatthethrivingperiodofEnglishwill
Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
AccordingtothepassageGoogle'sIPOistosharemarketrecoveryas
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They________thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe________man.Buttheyinsistedthatits________resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe________oftheEnglishpopulation.______contrasttheysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750whenEnglandwasstilla______agriculturalcountryaperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview______isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists________historyandeconomicshave________twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was________bygreatpovertyandthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. BycommonresourcesPar.2thewritermeansthat
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. Accordingtothetextlinguisticglobalizationwill
TherulingofAmerica'sSupremeCourt
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Onedeservestoclaimonsomeproductonlywhen
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号