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ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
电极反应
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedsubheading41--45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.S aygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 41
下列有关分步沉淀叙述中正确的是
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
液态水中水分子之间存在
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunicationscompanyVicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Inthewriteropinionthevirtualexpositioninthenewerais
砒霜
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunicationscompanyVicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Thetechnologicalfairisintendedbyitsorganizerstobe
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
已知元素电势图酸液中
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase."PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansionfromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthehadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalYearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores—allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WhichofthefollowingcanbestsubstitutethewordTechnicallyPara.3withoutchangingitsfunctioninthecontext
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase."PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansionfromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthehadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalYearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores—allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WelearnfromthetextthatJapanesedefinitionofwhatwashappeninginJapanis
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhowouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathofthemanStonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking."WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracymongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. ThewordharanguePara.5connotes
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell—acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.ThekeyissuesaredifferentnowabortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti--authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasonceafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalfstepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Fromthetextwelearnthatthe’68Warwasbestcharacterizedby
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhowouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathofthemanStonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking."WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracymongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpubliclife
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunicationscompanyVicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. TheorganizersthinksthattheeffectonNetuseofthe2006world’sfairis
将以上两电对组成原电池 1写出原电池符号 2写出电池反应式 3计算原电池电动势 4计算电池反应的平衡常数
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedsubheading41--45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.S aygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 43
根据价键理论空间构型为平面正方形的是以下列哪种类型杂化的
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhowouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathofthemanStonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking."WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracymongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Shakespeare’screationisusedinthetexttointroduce
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell—acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.ThekeyissuesaredifferentnowabortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti--authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasonceafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalfstepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Towhichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagree
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