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Text 2 In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities t...
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Text1 ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds. BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting. Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity. HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower. FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text2 Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread. Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightitoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinth6vaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximatelyonein10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead. Fortunatelythesmallpox’viruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyablessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. Fromthetextwecanconcludethat
PartA Directions: YouboughtanewcolorTVsetmadeinGuangdongbutitisinpoorquality.Youwanttowritealettertothestoreandhavethesetrepairedorchanged.Yourlettershouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1thepictureisnotclearenoughandsomechannelbuttonsdon’tworkwell; 2sometimesthereisnosoundandthecolorisnotstable; 3CustomerFirstServiceBest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignupyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries Itistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.
Text3 Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates. Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth. TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon. Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredaresultoftheSpaceRace
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. AccordingtoLindaKristiansenWal-Mart
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text2 Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread. Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightitoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinth6vaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximatelyonein10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead. Fortunatelythesmallpox’viruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyablessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Themainpurposeofthetextisto
Text3 Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates. Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth. TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon. Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. AccordingtotheauthortheSpaceRacewas
[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland. [B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation. [C]Whatislandconversion [D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction. [E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages. [F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature. Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation. 41.____________________________________. Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands. 42.____________________________________. TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody. 43.____________________________________. Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves. 44.____________________________________. Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn. 45.____________________________________. Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility. Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 41
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. Thefigureslistedinthefirstparagraphshowthat
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland. [B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation. [C]Whatislandconversion [D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction. [E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages. [F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature. Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation. 41.____________________________________. Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands. 42.____________________________________. TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody. 43.____________________________________. Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves. 44.____________________________________. Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn. 45.____________________________________. Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility. Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 45
[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland. [B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation. [C]Whatislandconversion [D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction. [E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages. [F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature. Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation. 41.____________________________________. Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands. 42.____________________________________. TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody. 43.____________________________________. Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves. 44.____________________________________. Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn. 45.____________________________________. Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility. Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 43
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. What'sthefirstresponsefromschoolboardtowardshome-schoolers
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries Itistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text1 ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds. BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting. Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity. HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower. FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto
Text1 ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds. BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting. Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity. HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower. FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. TheauthorimpliesbybringingdohislackofeducationthatBenjaminFranklin
Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply. HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse. Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病. Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers. Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text4 "Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Inparagraph3theunderlinedwordexacerbatedismostsimilarinuseto
Text4 "Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat
Text1 Wal-Martisnowmountingaboldexpansionthatcoulddoubleitssaleswithinjustfiveyearsto$480billion.SomeofthatgrowthwillcomeinnewmarketsoutsidetheU.S.where1200storesinninecountriesalreadyaccountforabout16%ofthechain’stotalsales.ButevenmoregrowthwillbewonasthechaininsinuatesitselfintomoreU.S.neighborhoodsandinvadesmoreproductcategories. IfyouthinkWal-Martalreadysellsjustabouteverythingthinkagain.ThinkPCsceilingfansmorefashionableclothinggasolineandevencars."Theirgoalistohavea30%shareofeverymajorbusinesstheyarcin"saysLindaKristiansenaretailanalystforUBSWarburgEquityResearch.Ifthere’snoWal-Martstorenearyoujustwait.IfyoushopatWal-Martexpectyourstoretogetbiggeroranewstoretoopenevencloser.Thechainplanstoexpandfrom3400U.S.locationstoday-halfofthemintheSouth--toanationwidenetworkapproaching5000storesinfiveyears. Wal-Marthas1300Supercentersmanyofthemconvertedfromstandarddiscountstoresofferingeverythingfromhardwaretogroceriesanddrugs.Insomeareasitisplacingthese17O00-sq-mmonstersascloseas8kmapart.Andinthespacesbetweenit’stormentinglocalgroceriesandconveniencestoreswithNeighborhoodMarketscall’emSmall-Marts.Wal-MartisbuildingitsfirsturbanSupercenterindowntownDallas.Andwithoutfanfareitistestingused-carsalesalongsideoneofitsHoustonstores."It’ssurprisinghowmuchroomwehaveforgrowth"saysRobsonWalton58Sam’ssonandthecompany’snonexecutivechairman."I’mnottryingtobeflippant"addsLeeScott52Wal-Mart’sCEO."Butsimplyputourlong-termstrategyistobewherewe’renot." YetforWal-Marttogetwhereitisnowisgoingtobealotharderthanitwastogetwhereitis.Evenwithsalesexpectedtogrowtoabout$240billionforthefiscalyearthatendsJan.31pricewarsinitsgrocerybusinessnarrowedWal-Mart’sprofitmargintoitslowestlevelinfouryears.Thecompanyplanstofattenprofitsbybecomingmoreofaproducerandevendesignerofitsgoodsespeciallyclothing.It’smakingblousesinChinaandtowersinIndiathatitintendstoselleverywherefromBerlintoBeijingandBoston.Butfashionisanotoriouslyficklebusiness.AndbydivingdeeperintothemanufacturingofmoreofitsproductsWal-Martisbravingapaththathasbroughtgrieftosomeofhistory’sbiggestretailerssuchasA&PandSears. WhatcanbeinferredfromthewordsofRobsonWaltonandLeeScott
Text3 Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates. Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth. TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon. Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. Theauthorbringsupthetopicoftheinternationalspacestationinorderto
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