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在中国近代史上，以美国国家制度为蓝本实行总统制而制定的__性文件是( )。
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1787年美国__规定的内容有 ①美国是联邦国家 ②实行总统制 ③规定华盛顿为美国第一任总统 ④确定
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2007年关于清末预备立宪下列哪一选项可以成立
1908年颁布的《钦定__大纲》作为中国近代史上第一部__性文件，确立了资产阶级民主共和国的国家制度
《十九信条》取消了皇权至上，大大缩小了皇帝的权力，扩大了国会与内阁__的权力
清末成立的资政院是中国近代第一届国家议会
清末各省成立了谘议局作为地方督抚的咨询机关，权限包括讨论本省兴革事宜、预决算等
关于清末预备立宪下列哪一选项可以成立
1908年颁布的《钦定__大纲》作为中国近代史上第一部__性文件，确立了资产阶级民主共和国的国家制度
《十九信条》取消了皇权至上，大大缩小了皇帝的权力，扩大了国会与内阁__的权力
清末成立的资政院是中国近代第一届国家议会
清末各省成立了谘议局作为地方督抚的咨询机关，权限包括讨论本省兴革事宜、预决算等
中国近代史上侵占中国领土最多的国家是
英国
法国
美国
俄国
美国的总统选举被人们戏称为驴象之争下列对美国政治制度的表述正确的是①美国是实行两党制的典型国家②美国
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中华民国临时约法在中国近代社会民主化进程中起了非常重要的作用它的基本内容包括①确立民主共和的国家体制
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美国国家制度的根基是
议会制
总统制
共和制
联邦制
1908年颁布的钦定__大纲作为中国近代史上第一部__性文件确立了资产阶级民主共和国的国家制度
下列有关我国近代法律制度的表述正确的有
沈家本主持了清末修律工作
南京临时政府制定的临时约法采取总统制的共和政体
北洋政府以《大清新刑律》为蓝本制定了专门的刑法典——《暂行新刑律》
南京国民政府刑法典从西方引进了保安处分制度
下面对中华民国临时约法的理解正确的有①是中国近代史上第一部资产阶级性质的民主__②确立了总统制③防止
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中国近代史上由国家制定的教育文件是于1904年颁布的奏定学堂章程
清政府
北洋政府
武汉国民政府
南京国民政府
既是实行三权分立制度最典型又是总统制特征最突出的国家是
美国
德国
俄罗斯
日本
下列关于民国时期的__的说法正确的有
《中华民国临时约法》作为中国历史上第一部资产阶级共和国性质的__性文件，规定实行责任内阁制
“天坛宪草”是北洋政府时期的第一部__，采用资产阶级三权分立的原则，确认民主共和制度
“贿选__”是中国近代史上首部正式颁行的__，对“国权”和“地方制度”作了专门规定，以平衡各派大小军阀的关系，巩固中央政权
《中华民国__》(1947)的基本精神与《训政时期约法》和“天坛宪草”一脉相承，其规定的政权体制不伦不类，实际上是用不完全责任内阁制与实质的总统制的矛盾条文，掩盖蒋介石的个人__统治的本质
.近代史上英国在一个长期__的国家找到了摆脱革命与__的循环能有效地控制控制者的办法这个办法是
君主__
民主共和制
总统制
君主立宪制
关于中华民国临时约法下列哪一项是正确的?
它是辛亥革命的直接产物，以孙中山的五权分立学说为指导思想
它确立了资产阶级民主共和国的国家制度
它是设立临时大总统，采行总统制
它是中国近代史上首部正式颁行的__性文件
政体既有总统制国家总统拥有行政权与议会分权制横的特点又有议会制实行责任制政府的某些特点因此被称为半总
美国
德国
法国
英国
今年3月21日美国国会最终批准了一项为美国政府提供资金到9月底支出计划的议案从而避免了下周可能出现的
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按照1791年__的规定法国实行的基本政治制度是
君主立宪制
议会共和制
总统制
半总统制半议会制
近代史上英国在一个长期__的国家找到了摆脱革命与__的循环能有效地控制控制者的办法这个办法是
君主__
民主共和国
总统制
君主立宪制
对1787年__评价正确的有①巩固了独立战争胜利的成果②确立了总统制联邦制和代议共和制相结合的国家制
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Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationof theblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.Choose thebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading 41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmerican blackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservants orlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtothe Northfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrial cities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYork CityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.These ghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhich blackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettos remainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities.41.Serious problemswithblackghettos.______Stablefamilylifewas difficulttomaintain.42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.______ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtothe so-calledunderclasstheyaresounder-privilegedandpoorthattheycannot seizetheopportunityforadvancement.43.Effortstoputanendtoracial discrimination.______RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobe athornyproblem44.ImprovementsinIvesoftheblacks.______ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving.45.Prevailing violenceinsolvingracialproblems.______Itissaidthat televisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandhitterblacksforit showedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendof the1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities.Theviolence quicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure. CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngeles Californiaelectedblackmayors.Integrationofschoolsdespiteresistance fromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancolleges hasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintaina cautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20million Americansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsof whites.[B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.In moreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheir standardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstill ahardstruggle.Thereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmost walksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthrough thecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarches andsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlaws inschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethewhitesonlynoticesin busedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonpark benchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Gonewerethe restrictionsthatpreventedblacksvotingGonetoowerethehideous lynchingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsof innocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventoday pooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthe moreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect.[D]Many blackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingto violence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilence wouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultingin anegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewould givethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedand put.moreracialdiscriminationonthem.[E]Unemployedfathers wouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglected bytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemore than700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesand Houstonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblack ghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks.[F] RadicalblacksliketheBlackpanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithinthe Unionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselves againstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.Forawhile violenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblack MartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipfor thosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunned America.
Text2 WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindows ofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairs’whereall eightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.Itremindshimhe toldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlaws isanawesomeresponsibility.Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominently pushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskills shortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliens alreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteelclimbaheadofhim.As draftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveral ways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwould tightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kinofvehiclebarriers 370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforan electronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverilythatalltheir employeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewho knowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveiledit wasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan amnestythatWouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.Tom TancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeof successonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbutthe border-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehe’deridedassolimitedit’s almostajoke.Conservativetalkradioechoedhiscall.Nooneisseriously proposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohome ifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Most laborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogram whichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploit todrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse. TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishit entirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peoplea year.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworry thatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywill havetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposed federalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomake mistakes.Evenffonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegal thatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo. Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshort supply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrants nearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroups havecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenship wouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelosi theDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswould hurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.Some peopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoying adomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinion favorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogive illegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardand behave.TedKennedyismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Lookingathowfarwe’llbeabletofundtheHealthServicein the21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyissues.46Manyoftheoptions havealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromthe NHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryor compulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.Comparedtoits EuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritainoperatesalow-costhealthsystem:wespend about7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlands and10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspend wecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcare providingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.47Morelikelyisa shiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotop-upschemeswhichgivepeoplebasic healthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivate financingoropt-outschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourage individualstomakeprivateprovision.Neitherisclosetobeing implementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentionto voluntaryhealth.insuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 48Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheir personalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsself-diagnosisfollowedby self-treatmentorhomecare.Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededto fundhealthcare.49Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmore rationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithout provenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsare anotherpossibility.Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreak withtraditionandpoliticalfall-outthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.50 Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperate enoughtointroducethembutthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill-health oranearlydeatheither.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 EarlierthissummerArnold SchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes.Indeedso.Some172000inmatesare crowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12community correctionalfacilities—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuse isrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangs posetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan 16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitation programsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsof California’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprison withinthreeyearsofbeingreleased.Willthegovernor’ssummons ofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringa remedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMrSchwarzenegger’srequestfor almost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bonds for$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bedre-entryfacilitiesforprisoners nearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexisting prisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$50Omwould gofornewprisonhospitals.Moneyalonewillprovideneitheran immediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCalifornia simplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisen almosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhas consistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsin thepast20years.The1994three-strikeslawapprovedby votersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoften trivialthirdoffences--andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderly inmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner. Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenfor relativelytrivialmisstepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthe system;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemore than5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederal government.Thesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreform California’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothe governorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedthewordrehabilitationto California’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareformminded formerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerof the31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthecodeof silencethatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.Thereality nowisthatMrHickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’s officemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseon life.Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencing policiesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother 210O0overthenextfiveyears—enoughtooutpaceanyprison-buildingprogram. Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchthe ground.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthethree-strikeslaw
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Lookingathowfarwe’llbeabletofundtheHealthServicein the21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyissues.46Manyoftheoptions havealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromthe NHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryor compulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.Comparedtoits EuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritainoperatesalow-costhealthsystem:wespend about7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlands and10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspend wecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcare providingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.47Morelikelyisa shiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotop-upschemeswhichgivepeoplebasic healthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivate financingoropt-outschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourage individualstomakeprivateprovision.Neitherisclosetobeing implementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentionto voluntaryhealth.insuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 48Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheir personalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsself-diagnosisfollowedby self-treatmentorhomecare.Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededto fundhealthcare.49Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmore rationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithout provenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsare anotherpossibility.Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreak withtraditionandpoliticalfall-outthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.50 Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperate enoughtointroducethembutthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill-health oranearlydeatheither.
Directions: A.Title:OnConfidence B.TimeLimit:40minutes C.Wordlimit:about200words D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow: 1somepeoplelackconfidence; 2thevalueofconfidence; 3youropinion.
Text2 WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindows ofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairs’whereall eightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.Itremindshimhe toldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlaws isanawesomeresponsibility.Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominently pushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskills shortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliens alreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteelclimbaheadofhim.As draftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveral ways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwould tightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kinofvehiclebarriers 370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforan electronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverilythatalltheir employeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewho knowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveiledit wasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan amnestythatWouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.Tom TancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeof successonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbutthe border-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehe’deridedassolimitedit’s almostajoke.Conservativetalkradioechoedhiscall.Nooneisseriously proposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohome ifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Most laborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogram whichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploit todrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse. TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishit entirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peoplea year.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworry thatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywill havetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposed federalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomake mistakes.Evenffonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegal thatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo. Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshort supply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrants nearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroups havecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenship wouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelosi theDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswould hurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.Some peopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoying adomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinion favorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogive illegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardand behave.Thewordstonedline1paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Text2 WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindows ofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairs’whereall eightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.Itremindshimhe toldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlaws isanawesomeresponsibility.Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominently pushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskills shortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliens alreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteelclimbaheadofhim.As draftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveral ways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwould tightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kinofvehiclebarriers 370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforan electronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverilythatalltheir employeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewho knowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveiledit wasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan amnestythatWouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.Tom TancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeof successonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbutthe border-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehe’deridedassolimitedit’s almostajoke.Conservativetalkradioechoedhiscall.Nooneisseriously proposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohome ifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Most laborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogram whichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploit todrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse. TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishit entirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peoplea year.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworry thatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywill havetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposed federalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomake mistakes.Evenffonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegal thatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo. Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshort supply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrants nearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroups havecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenship wouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelosi theDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswould hurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.Some peopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoying adomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinion favorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogive illegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardand behave.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisimmigrationreformseemstobe
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
国民革命时期中国社会的基本矛盾突出地表现为
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Text4 In1880SirJoshuaWaddilovea VictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordable loanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland. ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit -smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisa creditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto &200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannual interestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypical interestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsor breachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcards andfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeing launchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryabout soaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningup debtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcards forsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoor creditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile. Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedprompting themtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarket hasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrade magazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly 3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrew by7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasa whole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoney fromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycan doitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawhole arearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighand canreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigher interestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.And allacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshas beengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyand dataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrack slowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuch attentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextracharges suchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonly smallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisis easiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Afterthe burstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-card providersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecredit cards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecard companieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credit histories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes. Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-card borrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventual defaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestrates risingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpoints outsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbut dearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesarisky businessevenriskier.CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Lookingathowfarwe’llbeabletofundtheHealthServicein the21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyissues.46Manyoftheoptions havealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromthe NHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryor compulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.Comparedtoits EuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritainoperatesalow-costhealthsystem:wespend about7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlands and10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspend wecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcare providingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.47Morelikelyisa shiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotop-upschemeswhichgivepeoplebasic healthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivate financingoropt-outschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourage individualstomakeprivateprovision.Neitherisclosetobeing implementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentionto voluntaryhealth.insuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 48Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheir personalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsself-diagnosisfollowedby self-treatmentorhomecare.Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededto fundhealthcare.49Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmore rationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithout provenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsare anotherpossibility.Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreak withtraditionandpoliticalfall-outthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.50 Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperate enoughtointroducethembutthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill-health oranearlydeatheither.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Text4 In1880SirJoshuaWaddilovea VictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordable loanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland. ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit -smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisa creditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto &200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannual interestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypical interestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsor breachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcards andfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeing launchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryabout soaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningup debtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcards forsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoor creditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile. Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedprompting themtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarket hasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrade magazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly 3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrew by7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasa whole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoney fromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycan doitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawhole arearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighand canreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigher interestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.And allacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshas beengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyand dataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrack slowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuch attentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextracharges suchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonly smallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisis easiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Afterthe burstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-card providersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecredit cards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecard companieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credit histories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes. Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-card borrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventual defaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestrates risingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpoints outsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbut dearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesarisky businessevenriskier.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Text4 In1880SirJoshuaWaddilovea VictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordable loanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland. ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit -smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisa creditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto &200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannual interestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypical interestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsor breachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcards andfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeing launchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryabout soaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningup debtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcards forsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoor creditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile. Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedprompting themtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarket hasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrade magazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly 3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrew by7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasa whole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoney fromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycan doitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawhole arearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighand canreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigher interestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.And allacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshas beengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyand dataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrack slowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuch attentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextracharges suchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonly smallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisis easiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Afterthe burstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-card providersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecredit cards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecard companieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credit histories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes. Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-card borrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventual defaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestrates risingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpoints outsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbut dearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesarisky businessevenriskier.SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. ByalmosteverymeasurePaulPfingst isanunsentimentalprosecutor.LastweektheSanDiegoCountydistrictattorney saidhefullyintendstotry1CharlesAndrewWilliams 15asanadult2theSantanaHighSchoolshootings. Evenbeforethe3Pfingsthadstoodbehindthe controversialCalifornialawthat4treatingmurder suspectsasyoungas14asadults.Sonobodywouldhavewagered thatPfingstwouldalsobethefirstD.A.districtattorneyintheU. S.to5hisveryownInnocenceProject.YetlastJune Pfingsttoldhisattorneystogobackoveroldmurderandrape6 andseeffanyunravelwithnewlydevelopedDNA-testingtools. Inotherwordshewantedtorevisitpastvictories—thistimeplayingforthe otherteam.Ithinkpeoplemisunderstandbeingconservative7 beingbiasedsaysPfingst.IconsidermyselfapragmaticguyandI havenointerestinputting8peopleinjail. AroundtheU.S.flabbergasteddefenseattorneysandtheirjailed clientscheeredhismove.Amongprosecutors9therewas anawkwardpause.10eachDNAtestcostsasmuchas$ 5000.Thenthere’sthe11risk:ifdozensofinnocents 12theD.A.willhaveindictedhisshop. 13ninemonthslaternobudgetshavebeenbustedor prosecutorsousted.Onlytherarecasemeritsreview.Pfingst’steamconsiders convictionsbefore1993whenthecitystarted14DNA testing.Theydiscardcasesifthedefendanthasbeenreleased.Ofthe560 15filestheyhavere-examined200lookingforcaseswith biologicalevidenceanddefendantswhostill16 innocence.Theyhaveidentifiedthreesofar.Themost compellinginvolvesaman1712yearsformolestingagirl whowasplayinginhisapartment.Butotherswerethereatthetime.Police foundasmalldropofsalivaonthe18shirt—toosmalla 19totestin1991.Todaythatspotcouldfreeaman.Test resultsaredueanyday.20bySanDiego10othercounties intheU.S.arestartingDNAaudits.
一个人做了这样或那样一件合乎伦理的事还不能说他是有德的只有当这种行为方式成为他性格中的固定要素时他才可以说是有德的这表明道德品质是
Piracy Youaretowriteinthreeparagraphs: Inthefirstparagraphstateclearlythatwearefacingthesocialproblemofpiracy. Inthesecondparagraphstatethedamagesthatpiracywillcausetosociety. Inthelastparagraphbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionwithyouradviceoncounter-measures. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWER.SHEET2.20points
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 EarlierthissummerArnold SchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes.Indeedso.Some172000inmatesare crowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12community correctionalfacilities—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuse isrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangs posetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan 16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitation programsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsof California’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprison withinthreeyearsofbeingreleased.Willthegovernor’ssummons ofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringa remedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMrSchwarzenegger’srequestfor almost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bonds for$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bedre-entryfacilitiesforprisoners nearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexisting prisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$50Omwould gofornewprisonhospitals.Moneyalonewillprovideneitheran immediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCalifornia simplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisen almosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhas consistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsin thepast20years.The1994three-strikeslawapprovedby votersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoften trivialthirdoffences--andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderly inmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner. Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenfor relativelytrivialmisstepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthe system;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemore than5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederal government.Thesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreform California’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothe governorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedthewordrehabilitationto California’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareformminded formerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerof the31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthecodeof silencethatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.Thereality nowisthatMrHickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’s officemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseon life.Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencing policiesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother 210O0overthenextfiveyears—enoughtooutpaceanyprison-buildingprogram. Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchthe ground.AccordingtothepassageCaliforniahasthehighestrateofreturningprisonersbecause
Text3 PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeign ministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermath wouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopular web-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouth humiliatedAustriaandEurope’sother.powers.Itsrivals—Yahoo!thelargestof thetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsite andMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingweb portal—wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichresponded byforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreateabalanceof poweragainstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesame thing.GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.It struckadealwithViacomanoldmediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicate videoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsites andintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderin thefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.Italsoannounced adealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillpro-vide allthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsites includingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiating withNewsCorporation.Bothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchto Googleoverthepastyear—Googlenowhashalfthemarket.Theyhavealsofallen furtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmake lessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SaraRashtchyan analystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforevery advertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70 cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithad designedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditsshareprice fellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop.MSNisfurther behindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesaneven morefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snew venturesbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethrough theirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonal computers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorand spreadsheetforinstance.ThesmallereBayontheotherhand mightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalot oftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertiserson Google’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.Aninfluentialrecent studyfromBerkeley’sHaas’SchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%of eBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3% ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercut itscorebusiness.Sellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtext advertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBayto connectwithsellersdirectly.AsaresulteBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeep partnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerin theindustrysaidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecotandSteveLeesounding likediplomatsattheCongressofViennain 1814.Googlewillplayadecisiveroleinthemarketforweb-videoadvertisingbecauseof
在当今世界经济中做为新兴经济体代表的金砖四国的作用不断凸显这四个国家是指
Text3 PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeign ministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermath wouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopular web-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouth humiliatedAustriaandEurope’sother.powers.Itsrivals—Yahoo!thelargestof thetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsite andMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingweb portal—wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichresponded byforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreateabalanceof poweragainstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesame thing.GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.It struckadealwithViacomanoldmediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicate videoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsites andintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderin thefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.Italsoannounced adealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillpro-vide allthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsites includingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiating withNewsCorporation.Bothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchto Googleoverthepastyear—Googlenowhashalfthemarket.Theyhavealsofallen furtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmake lessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SaraRashtchyan analystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforevery advertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70 cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithad designedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditsshareprice fellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop.MSNisfurther behindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesaneven morefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snew venturesbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethrough theirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonal computers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorand spreadsheetforinstance.ThesmallereBayontheotherhand mightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalot oftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertiserson Google’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.Aninfluentialrecent studyfromBerkeley’sHaas’SchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%of eBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3% ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercut itscorebusiness.Sellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtext advertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBayto connectwithsellersdirectly.AsaresulteBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeep partnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerin theindustrysaidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecotandSteveLeesounding likediplomatsattheCongressofViennain 1814.GooglewinsanadvantageoverMSNinthat
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationof theblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.Choose thebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading 41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmerican blackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservants orlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtothe Northfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrial cities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYork CityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.These ghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhich blackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettos remainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities.41.Serious problemswithblackghettos.______Stablefamilylifewas difficulttomaintain.42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.______ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtothe so-calledunderclasstheyaresounder-privilegedandpoorthattheycannot seizetheopportunityforadvancement.43.Effortstoputanendtoracial discrimination.______RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobe athornyproblem44.ImprovementsinIvesoftheblacks.______ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving.45.Prevailing violenceinsolvingracialproblems.______Itissaidthat televisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandhitterblacksforit showedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendof the1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities.Theviolence quicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure. CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngeles Californiaelectedblackmayors.Integrationofschoolsdespiteresistance fromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancolleges hasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintaina cautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20million Americansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsof whites.[B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.In moreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheir standardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstill ahardstruggle.Thereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmost walksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthrough thecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarches andsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlaws inschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethewhitesonlynoticesin busedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonpark benchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Gonewerethe restrictionsthatpreventedblacksvotingGonetoowerethehideous lynchingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsof innocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventoday pooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthe moreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect.[D]Many blackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingto violence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilence wouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultingin anegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewould givethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedand put.moreracialdiscriminationonthem.[E]Unemployedfathers wouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglected bytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemore than700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesand Houstonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblack ghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks.[F] RadicalblacksliketheBlackpanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithinthe Unionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselves againstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.Forawhile violenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblack MartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipfor thosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunned America.
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