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On the afternoon of April 19th, 1587, Sir Francis Dr. ake led his convoy of 31 ships into the por...
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ThegovernmentpanelthatsetsU.S.vaccinepolicyalreadyhasbegundiscussing"universalimmunization"asawaytoboostvaccinationratesandreduceflu-linkedsicknessanddeathDr.ScottHarperofthefederalCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidatavaccinemeetingthisweek. 41___________________ Harperacknowledgedthattherecentcrisismomentarilyupstageduniversalimmunizationdiscussionsbutsaiditremainsaviableproposal. 42___________________ Thevaccinemeetingheldeveryyearseekstosetanagendafortheupcomingfluseason.Participantsmanywithafinancialstakeingettingmorepeoplevaccinated--saidtheuniversalvaccinationpushislikelytocomewithinthenextfiveyears. 43___________________ Alsofluvaccineisalteredeveryyearbecausetherearealwaysdifferentflustrainscirculating.Theunusedvaccineisdiscardedatseason’sendmakingflushotsfinanciallyunappealingformanufacturers. 44___________________ SanofiPasteur’sPhilipHosbachsaidthecompanyhastwoidleU.S.factories"becausethere’snotthereturnontheinvestment."Universalvaccinationcouldinthelongtermhelpstabilizesupplyifitincreaseddemandhesaid. 45___________________ Demandhashistoricallybeenaproblemtoo.Millionsoftheat-riskpatientsroutinelyskipannualshots.Somepeopleworrythevaccineisn’tsafeortheysimplydon’tlikeshotsbutmanyalsounderestimatetheseriousnessofflusaidDr.AnnO’MalleyaresearcherattheCenterforStudyingHealthSystemChange. A."Partofourjobistojustkeepthisissueontheradarscreen"Harpertoldvaccineprovidersdistributorsandmanufacturersatthenationalfluvaccinesummithere. B.SofaronlyonecompanySanofiPasteurislicensedtomakeU.S.fluvaccinefortheupcomingseasonthoughpublichealthofficialshopetwoothersincludingChironwillsoongainapproval. C.Estimatessuggestthatinanaverageyearfluinfectsabout82millionpeoplenationwidehospitalizes200000andkills36000. D.Dr.HerbYoungoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicianssaidrecommendingshotsforeveryonecouldeasetheconfusion--andthathisgroupismovingtowardsupportingtheidea. E.Thehurdlessomeobserverssayaredaunting.Unstablesupplyisoneofthebiggest.Thisyearthebestcasescenario--havingabout90millionshotsavailable--isn’tevenenoughforthe180millionhigh-riskpeopleadvisedtogetshotsletalonethetotalpopulationof280million. F.Theendofachaoticseasonwheremanypeopleseekingflushotswereturnedawaybecauseofashortagemightseemanoddtimetobroachtheideaofvaccinatingevenmorepeople. G.ButI’raLonginianEmoryUniversitybiostatisticianwhospecializesinvaccineanalysissaiduniversalvaccinationwouldbeunworkableunlesssupplyproblemscanberesolve 42
Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills.Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded.NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlycaredforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY.Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamilytheshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause.AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamongtheestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestateregulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife.InawideranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange--frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporateruncenterswithscoresofbedsand’manylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate.Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes.Critelli’sresponsetotherealcauseofheraunt’sdeathwas
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 8
Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills.Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded.NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlycaredforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY.Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamilytheshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause.AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamongtheestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestateregulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife.InawideranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange--frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporateruncenterswithscoresofbedsand’manylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate.Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5.Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known’saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis." 14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. 4
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 6
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.tgrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeinhousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending--andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason..50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totrytolimitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentintoconsumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. 48
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 10
TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn.Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandthe$772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal.Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors:·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest.·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish.·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant.·Bishops--trainedtoblessnottobudget--lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimillion-dollarinstitutions.Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocover$85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanareinnowayrelated.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass.Theyknowhowthis~eelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidationsgavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome’saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese.Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether./Therelationshipbetweenthefirsttwoparagraphscanbedescribedas
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 2
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 16
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.tgrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeinhousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending--andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason..50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totrytolimitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentintoconsumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. 46
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.tgrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeinhousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending--andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason..50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totrytolimitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentintoconsumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. 50
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 4
TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn.Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandthe$772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal.Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors:·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest.·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish.·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant.·Bishops--trainedtoblessnottobudget--lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimillion-dollarinstitutions.Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocover$85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanareinnowayrelated.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass.Theyknowhowthis~eelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidationsgavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome’saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese.Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether./ThereconfigurationplanPar
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5.Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known’saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis." 14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. 6
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 12
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 14
YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics.ForthepastsevenyearsMilano--whodescribeshimselfasastraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’--hasoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus.AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir.Thetimeisrightforanewcultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingclownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelationsbyactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings--manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries.ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite.Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreamsa13-year-oldboywantedtoknow.Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothesawomanasked.HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGodawhiteteenagerwantedtoknow.DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGodLikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformusaboutthelivesandexperiencesofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook.Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus.ThequotationsinParagraph4areintendedto
YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics.ForthepastsevenyearsMilano--whodescribeshimselfasastraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’--hasoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus.AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir.Thetimeisrightforanewcultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingclownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelationsbyactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings--manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries.ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite.Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreamsa13-year-oldboywantedtoknow.Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothesawomanasked.HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGodawhiteteenagerwantedtoknow.DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGodLikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformusaboutthelivesandexperiencesofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook.Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage
YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics.ForthepastsevenyearsMilano--whodescribeshimselfasastraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’--hasoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus.AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir.Thetimeisrightforanewcultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingclownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelationsbyactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings--manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries.ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite.Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreamsa13-year-oldboywantedtoknow.Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothesawomanasked.HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGodawhiteteenagerwantedtoknow.DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGodLikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformusaboutthelivesandexperiencesofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook.Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus.Thepurposeofthewebsiteisto
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 18
ThegovernmentpanelthatsetsU.S.vaccinepolicyalreadyhasbegundiscussing"universalimmunization"asawaytoboostvaccinationratesandreduceflu-linkedsicknessanddeathDr.ScottHarperofthefederalCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidatavaccinemeetingthisweek. 41___________________ Harperacknowledgedthattherecentcrisismomentarilyupstageduniversalimmunizationdiscussionsbutsaiditremainsaviableproposal. 42___________________ Thevaccinemeetingheldeveryyearseekstosetanagendafortheupcomingfluseason.Participantsmanywithafinancialstakeingettingmorepeoplevaccinated--saidtheuniversalvaccinationpushislikelytocomewithinthenextfiveyears. 43___________________ Alsofluvaccineisalteredeveryyearbecausetherearealwaysdifferentflustrainscirculating.Theunusedvaccineisdiscardedatseason’sendmakingflushotsfinanciallyunappealingformanufacturers. 44___________________ SanofiPasteur’sPhilipHosbachsaidthecompanyhastwoidleU.S.factories"becausethere’snotthereturnontheinvestment."Universalvaccinationcouldinthelongtermhelpstabilizesupplyifitincreaseddemandhesaid. 45___________________ Demandhashistoricallybeenaproblemtoo.Millionsoftheat-riskpatientsroutinelyskipannualshots.Somepeopleworrythevaccineisn’tsafeortheysimplydon’tlikeshotsbutmanyalsounderestimatetheseriousnessofflusaidDr.AnnO’MalleyaresearcherattheCenterforStudyingHealthSystemChange. A."Partofourjobistojustkeepthisissueontheradarscreen"Harpertoldvaccineprovidersdistributorsandmanufacturersatthenationalfluvaccinesummithere. B.SofaronlyonecompanySanofiPasteurislicensedtomakeU.S.fluvaccinefortheupcomingseasonthoughpublichealthofficialshopetwoothersincludingChironwillsoongainapproval. C.Estimatessuggestthatinanaverageyearfluinfectsabout82millionpeoplenationwidehospitalizes200000andkills36000. D.Dr.HerbYoungoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicianssaidrecommendingshotsforeveryonecouldeasetheconfusion--andthathisgroupismovingtowardsupportingtheidea. E.Thehurdlessomeobserverssayaredaunting.Unstablesupplyisoneofthebiggest.Thisyearthebestcasescenario--havingabout90millionshotsavailable--isn’tevenenoughforthe180millionhigh-riskpeopleadvisedtogetshotsletalonethetotalpopulationof280million. F.Theendofachaoticseasonwheremanypeopleseekingflushotswereturnedawaybecauseofashortagemightseemanoddtimetobroachtheideaofvaccinatingevenmorepeople. G.ButI’raLonginianEmoryUniversitybiostatisticianwhospecializesinvaccineanalysissaiduniversalvaccinationwouldbeunworkableunlesssupplyproblemscanberesolve 44
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarbesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorthwest.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.Theauthorprobablybelievesthat
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5.Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known’saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis." 14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. 8
Directions: Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonoverweightkidsinourcountry.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements 1interpretethemessageconveyedbythepicture 2makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity--racialeconomicandgeographic--is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem."11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressivelyandinperson--frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. 20
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarbesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorthwest.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.Welearnfromthepassagethat
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarbesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorthwest.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.BythependulumisswingingtoofarIanPerryprobablymeans
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5.Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known’saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis." 14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. 2
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