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辩证法的实质和核心是
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Directions:Inthefoll6wingarticlesomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestion41—45choosethemostsuitableonethelistA—G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.Butwith thepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandotherelite privatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberof economists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence.For American’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhen collegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’s freshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow: Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelite bestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttoless expensiveschool41.______Certainlymany neuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers— assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseof Harvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumni connectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruiting opportunities.42.______It’salsotruethatif youwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisa distinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethatan eliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutive officersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwith thebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenow earnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom 1.5timesin1975.Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffof graduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfar lessconclusive.Severalstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnection betweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores. Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverage SATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’s earnings.44.______Youwouldexpectgraduates ofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessful careers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasure ishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege. Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreported higherearnings.45.______Admissionsoffices ateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—grades extracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactors mayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluable intheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthese traitstheytermthemunobserved.Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Until recentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsin measuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings.[A]What islesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetherit makeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetag bigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000 investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalso lessprestigiouseducation[C]Thesequestionshavenoeasy answers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe $500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankings testprepcoursesandguidebooks.[D]Butthestudiescompared schoolsnotpeople.[E]Schoolselectivitymeasuredbythe averageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigher incomeovertime.[F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajor teachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—are stuffedwithIvyLeaguers.[G]ButSATscoresarenot everything.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatever theanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethof asecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisions Internetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpacton theiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbut thisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastasthe eyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossible toreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardof CarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadein thefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteam presentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedas beingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtorate thewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashed upforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandard televisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralonger periodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldof thewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice. Unlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursite beforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitors Lindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%of trafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirst impressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknown topsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithan attractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththe siteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisis becauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtousea websitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthat theymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendency tojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize. Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’s aboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.For thisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules. Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstso that’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseea searchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergolden ruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomers mightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.That canbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandno business.Thestudyinthetexthasshownthatthefirstimpressionofawebsiteis______
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
唯物辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的斗争焦点在于
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatever theanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethof asecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisions Internetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpacton theiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbut thisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastasthe eyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossible toreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardof CarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadein thefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteam presentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedas beingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtorate thewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashed upforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandard televisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralonger periodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldof thewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice. Unlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursite beforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitors Lindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%of trafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirst impressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknown topsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithan attractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththe siteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisis becauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtousea websitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthat theymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendency tojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize. Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’s aboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.For thisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules. Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstso that’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseea searchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergolden ruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomers mightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.That canbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandno business.Whichofthefollowingwebsitesismostunlikelytobesuccessful
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Directions:YouareamemberofPhotographyClubandthisclubisgoingtoholdaphotoexhibitiontocelebratethecoming50thanniversaryofyouruniversity.Nowyouareexpectedtowriteanotetoinviteyourschoolmatestocontributephotostothisexhibition.Writeyournoteinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
有人认为只要我们知道在宇宙开始时粒子的初始状态那么以后世界的任何时间的状态都能精确地推理出来这种观点属于
辩证法在近代的表现形式是
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejust aswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedfor andanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemons magicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameand different.Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeen cherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepain andagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.Scientistshavebeenputtodeathfor theirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalled gravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesun revolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthat Manevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattracted millionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave; ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernment andthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhich iswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers.Wemust believeorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebelief systemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48 Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeel securerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedon objectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeit unnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhuman questionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisis false—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefs requireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriesta rabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedience andrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsin approximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionof somedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBig Bangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogather informationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptits conclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferred fromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknown certainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofa betterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstill does.
Text3 IN2005Congressconsideredan emergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingand Asiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemighty confidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops. Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespending bill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordriving licences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicences includedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadable technology.Astatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingfor licencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswould beacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtofly commerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwould endupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theidea wastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainly makelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHS reckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwith individualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederal governmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Critics alsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcards andwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.Immigrationadvocates saythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfroma securitystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthat meettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightprove irresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms. OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.Its legislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwith nearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozen otherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeit outright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesfor implementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.The guidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygiveno quarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdeal withprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociation promptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecostto states.Whichofthefollowingconsequencemightbecausedbythe2005emergencyspendingbill
Directions:Inthefoll6wingarticlesomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestion41—45choosethemostsuitableonethelistA—G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.Butwith thepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandotherelite privatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberof economists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence.For American’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhen collegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’s freshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow: Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelite bestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttoless expensiveschool41.______Certainlymany neuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers— assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseof Harvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumni connectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruiting opportunities.42.______It’salsotruethatif youwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisa distinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethatan eliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutive officersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwith thebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenow earnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom 1.5timesin1975.Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffof graduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfar lessconclusive.Severalstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnection betweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores. Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverage SATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’s earnings.44.______Youwouldexpectgraduates ofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessful careers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasure ishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege. Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreported higherearnings.45.______Admissionsoffices ateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—grades extracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactors mayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluable intheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthese traitstheytermthemunobserved.Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Until recentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsin measuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings.[A]What islesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetherit makeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetag bigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000 investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalso lessprestigiouseducation[C]Thesequestionshavenoeasy answers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe $500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankings testprepcoursesandguidebooks.[D]Butthestudiescompared schoolsnotpeople.[E]Schoolselectivitymeasuredbythe averageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigher incomeovertime.[F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajor teachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—are stuffedwithIvyLeaguers.[G]ButSATscoresarenot everything.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejust aswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedfor andanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemons magicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameand different.Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeen cherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepain andagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.Scientistshavebeenputtodeathfor theirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalled gravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesun revolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthat Manevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattracted millionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave; ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernment andthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhich iswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers.Wemust believeorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebelief systemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48 Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeel securerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedon objectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeit unnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhuman questionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisis false—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefs requireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriesta rabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedience andrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsin approximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionof somedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBig Bangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogather informationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptits conclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferred fromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknown certainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofa betterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstill does.
Text4 Freedomisoneofthemostdifficult thingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwants freedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnot wantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheir freedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.It iseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmany meaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilityto chooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsare concernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwith theirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumably aregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalled moralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannot ignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywe do.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsas morecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldthey cannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheir habit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhich freedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalize thatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproduct ofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedom isanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomis ahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandtherein lieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusionin manycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforany illsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainly raisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivilliberties forsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.Howstrongisthe argumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoes knowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictor enlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwas rightonewoulddowhatwasright.Moslemsmaintainthatitis thewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformto it.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemof predestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoes thatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedby philosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded 19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainst freedom;allexperienceisforit.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthatfreedomdoesn’tfacethechallengesfrom______
唯物辩证法关于矛盾问题精髓的原理是
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1 LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatever theanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethof asecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisions Internetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpacton theiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbut thisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastasthe eyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossible toreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardof CarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadein thefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteam presentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedas beingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtorate thewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashed upforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandard televisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralonger periodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldof thewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice. Unlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursite beforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitors Lindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%of trafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirst impressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknown topsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithan attractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththe siteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisis becauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtousea websitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthat theymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendency tojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize. Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’s aboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.For thisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules. Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstso that’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseea searchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergolden ruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomers mightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.That canbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandno business.Whichofthefollowingconflictswiththeprinciplefortheconstructionofacommercialwebsite
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text3 IN2005Congressconsideredan emergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingand Asiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemighty confidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops. Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespending bill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordriving licences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicences includedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadable technology.Astatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingfor licencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswould beacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtofly commerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwould endupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theidea wastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainly makelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHS reckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwith individualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederal governmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Critics alsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcards andwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.Immigrationadvocates saythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfroma securitystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthat meettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightprove irresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms. OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.Its legislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwith nearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozen otherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeit outright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesfor implementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.The guidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygiveno quarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdeal withprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociation promptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecostto states.WhatconflictswiththepossibleresultsoftheimplementationoftheAct
Text3 IN2005Congressconsideredan emergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingand Asiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemighty confidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops. Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespending bill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordriving licences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicences includedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadable technology.Astatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingfor licencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswould beacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtofly commerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwould endupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theidea wastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainly makelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHS reckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwith individualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederal governmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Critics alsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcards andwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.Immigrationadvocates saythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfroma securitystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthat meettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightprove irresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms. OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.Its legislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwith nearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozen otherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeit outright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesfor implementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.The guidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygiveno quarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdeal withprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociation promptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecostto states.TheimplementationoftheActindifferentstatesmayrequire______
Text2 Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnot immediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive; [even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Thevery worditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentin pronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectly tothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleast oneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularly istrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitress receivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthat thosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhatthey revealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatron agreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsme you’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpenny tellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasa bachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtleties alsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansaya certainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfired severaltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasa goodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayof politicalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypolice seldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslaw enforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.Thentoowiththe campaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFC figuringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningof awordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithit afauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththeterman exceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoan especiallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.So toothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageand replacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNative Americans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtleties withwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhow muchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yet onemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect $2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaim tohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweveris reducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereader withthetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowin friendsandinfluencepeople.Whichofthefollowinghasnothingtodowithpoliticalcorrectness
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Directions:Inthefoll6wingarticlesomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestion41—45choosethemostsuitableonethelistA—G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.Butwith thepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandotherelite privatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberof economists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence.For American’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhen collegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’s freshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow: Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelite bestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttoless expensiveschool41.______Certainlymany neuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers— assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseof Harvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumni connectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruiting opportunities.42.______It’salsotruethatif youwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisa distinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethatan eliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutive officersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwith thebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenow earnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom 1.5timesin1975.Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffof graduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfar lessconclusive.Severalstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnection betweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores. Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverage SATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’s earnings.44.______Youwouldexpectgraduates ofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessful careers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasure ishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege. Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreported higherearnings.45.______Admissionsoffices ateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—grades extracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactors mayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluable intheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthese traitstheytermthemunobserved.Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Until recentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsin measuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings.[A]What islesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetherit makeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetag bigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000 investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalso lessprestigiouseducation[C]Thesequestionshavenoeasy answers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe $500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankings testprepcoursesandguidebooks.[D]Butthestudiescompared schoolsnotpeople.[E]Schoolselectivitymeasuredbythe averageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigher incomeovertime.[F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajor teachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—are stuffedwithIvyLeaguers.[G]ButSATscoresarenot everything.
Text4 Freedomisoneofthemostdifficult thingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwants freedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnot wantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheir freedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.It iseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmany meaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilityto chooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsare concernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwith theirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumably aregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalled moralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannot ignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywe do.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsas morecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldthey cannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheir habit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhich freedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalize thatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproduct ofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedom isanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomis ahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandtherein lieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusionin manycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforany illsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainly raisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivilliberties forsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.Howstrongisthe argumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoes knowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictor enlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwas rightonewoulddowhatwasright.Moslemsmaintainthatitis thewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformto it.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemof predestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoes thatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedby philosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded 19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainst freedom;allexperienceisforit.Whichofthefollowingstatementbestillustratesmoralfreedom
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
马克思主义最本质的东西和活的灵魂是
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10 points GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhaveto takeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruth ofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersor dozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsidered quiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearly understoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakesthe offenderimmediatelytheobjectof6.It hasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthe discussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkabout it8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritish weatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceof interestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11 aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermen whoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenproved wrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweatherto alldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate —astheweathermeninhis14.Foreigners maybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weather thattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoften conversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather. Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadofGoodmorning howareyou17theforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedto hisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwitha Britishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowell tomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill 20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text2 Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnot immediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive; [even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Thevery worditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentin pronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectly tothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleast oneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularly istrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitress receivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthat thosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhatthey revealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatron agreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsme you’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpenny tellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasa bachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtleties alsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansaya certainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfired severaltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasa goodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayof politicalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypolice seldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslaw enforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.Thentoowiththe campaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFC figuringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningof awordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithit afauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththeterman exceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoan especiallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.So toothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageand replacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNative Americans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtleties withwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhow muchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yet onemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect $2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaim tohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweveris reducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereader withthetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowin friendsandinfluencepeople.AccordingtoParagraph2thewaitressplaystricksonthepatronby______
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