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Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you shou...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingonacertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhigh-consumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldIngehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopost-materialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12.ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe＄2thousandbillionmark. 17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 48
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 8
Farm-raisedpigsaredirtysmellyanimalsthatgetnorespect.They’realsoanenvironmentalhazard.Theirmanurecontainsphosphoruswhichwhenitrainsrunsoffintolakesandestuariesdepletingoxygenkillingfishstimulatingalgaeovergrowthandemittinggreenhousegases. 41.______.Pigsprovidemoredietaryproteinmorecheaplytomorepeoplethananyotheranimal.NorthernEuropestillmaintainsthehighestpig-to-humanratiointheworld2-1inDen-markbutEastAsiaiscatchingup.Duringthe1990sporkproductiondoubledinVietnamandgrewby70percentinChina—alongdenselypopulatedcoastlinespigdensityexceeds100animalspersquarekilometer.Theresultingpollutionis“threateningfragilecoastalmarinehabitatsincludingmangrovescoralreefsandseagrasses”accordingtoareportreleasedinFebruarybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations. Asitturnsoutthereisasolutiontothepigproblembutitrequiresachangeofmind-setamongenvironmentalistsandthepublic.42.______. TheEnviropigisoneofmanynewtechnologiesthatareputtingenvironmentalistsandorganic-foodproponentsinaquandary:shouldtheyremaincategoricallyopposedtogeneticallymodifiedGMfoodsevenattheexpenseoftheenvironment43.______.ThemostsignificantGMapplicationswillbeonesthathelpalleviatetheproblemofagriculturewhichaccountsfor38percentoftheworld’slandmassandiscrowdingoutnaturalecosystemsandspecieshabitats.GMcropsthatcanbeproducedmoreefficientlywouldallowustoreturnlandtonature. 44.______.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturescientistEliotHermanhasalreadycreatedaless-allergenicsoybean—animportantcropforbabyfoods.ThroughgeneticsurgeryHermanturnedoffthesoygeneresponsiblefor65percentofallergicreactions.NotonlywasthemodifiedsoylessallergenicintestsbutasHermanexplained“theyieldlooksperfectlynormalplantsdevelopandgrowatanormalrateandtheyseemtohavethesamekindsofproteinoilandothergoodstuffinthem.”Otherscientistshavereportedpromisingresultsinshuttingoffallergy-causinggenesinpeanutsandshrimp.Shouldtheseadvancesbeturnedintoproductsorganicsoyorpeanutproductswillbecertifiablymoredangeroustohumanhealththancomparablenonorganicproducts. 45.______.Inthisclimatemuchoftheneededresearchisn’tbeingpursued.Chancesarefarmerswillcontinuetogrowtheirpollutingorganicporktheirallergenicorganicsoyandtheirneurotoxin-sprayedorganicapples.Worsestilltheywillmakesurethatnooneelsegetsachoiceinthematterofimprovingtheconditionsoflifeonearth—unlessthatisothersriseupanddemandanalternative. [A]TwoCanadianscientistshavecreatedapigwhosemanuredoesn’tcontainverymuchphosphorusatall.Ifthisvarietyofpigwereadoptedwidelyitcouldgreatlyreduceamajorsourceofpollution.ButtheEnviropigastheycallitistheproductofgeneticmodification—whichisanathematomanyWesterners. [B]Infactalthoughallcommonlyusedpesticidesdissipatesoquicklythattheyposeaminisculehealthrisktoconsumersallergicfoodreactionstonaturalproductskillhundredsofchildreneachyear.Geneticallymodifiedfoodscouldgreatlyreducethisrisk. [C]CanadianbiologistsCecilForsbergandJohnPhillipsforinstancehaveconstructedanovelDNAmoleculethatwhenplantedinapigembryoimbuestheEnviropigwiththeabilitytosecreteaphosphorusextractingenzymeinitssaliva.Theresultssofararedramatic—thenewpigscanextractallthephosphorustheyneedfromgrainalonewithoutthephosphorussupplementsthatfarmersnowuse.Thisreducesthephosphoruscontentoftheirmanurebyupto75percent. [D]Doingawaywiththepigisnotanoption. [E]Pigscanalsobemodifiedtodigestgrassesandhayascowsandsheepdoreducingtheenergy-intensiveuseofcornaspigfeed.Elsewheretreesgrownforpapercouldbemadeamenabletomuchmoreefficientprocessingofthepublichavebeenledtobelievethatallgeneticmodificationscreatehealthrisks. 42
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 4
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 20
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstillours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution.
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 50
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 14
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 46
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 16
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.Whatisthemessagethatpeerpressureconveystochildren
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial.Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier.Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease.Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn.Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld.Inthethirdparagraphtheauthorimpliesthat
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 6
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 18
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 10
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes.Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime.Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary.ThewordPhilistinesLine5Para.1mostprobablymeans
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstillours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival.
Farm-raisedpigsaredirtysmellyanimalsthatgetnorespect.They’realsoanenvironmentalhazard.Theirmanurecontainsphosphoruswhichwhenitrainsrunsoffintolakesandestuariesdepletingoxygenkillingfishstimulatingalgaeovergrowthandemittinggreenhousegases. 41.______.Pigsprovidemoredietaryproteinmorecheaplytomorepeoplethananyotheranimal.NorthernEuropestillmaintainsthehighestpig-to-humanratiointheworld2-1inDen-markbutEastAsiaiscatchingup.Duringthe1990sporkproductiondoubledinVietnamandgrewby70percentinChina—alongdenselypopulatedcoastlinespigdensityexceeds100animalspersquarekilometer.Theresultingpollutionis“threateningfragilecoastalmarinehabitatsincludingmangrovescoralreefsandseagrasses”accordingtoareportreleasedinFebruarybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations. Asitturnsoutthereisasolutiontothepigproblembutitrequiresachangeofmind-setamongenvironmentalistsandthepublic.42.______. TheEnviropigisoneofmanynewtechnologiesthatareputtingenvironmentalistsandorganic-foodproponentsinaquandary:shouldtheyremaincategoricallyopposedtogeneticallymodifiedGMfoodsevenattheexpenseoftheenvironment43.______.ThemostsignificantGMapplicationswillbeonesthathelpalleviatetheproblemofagriculturewhichaccountsfor38percentoftheworld’slandmassandiscrowdingoutnaturalecosystemsandspecieshabitats.GMcropsthatcanbeproducedmoreefficientlywouldallowustoreturnlandtonature. 44.______.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturescientistEliotHermanhasalreadycreatedaless-allergenicsoybean—animportantcropforbabyfoods.ThroughgeneticsurgeryHermanturnedoffthesoygeneresponsiblefor65percentofallergicreactions.NotonlywasthemodifiedsoylessallergenicintestsbutasHermanexplained“theyieldlooksperfectlynormalplantsdevelopandgrowatanormalrateandtheyseemtohavethesamekindsofproteinoilandothergoodstuffinthem.”Otherscientistshavereportedpromisingresultsinshuttingoffallergy-causinggenesinpeanutsandshrimp.Shouldtheseadvancesbeturnedintoproductsorganicsoyorpeanutproductswillbecertifiablymoredangeroustohumanhealththancomparablenonorganicproducts. 45.______.Inthisclimatemuchoftheneededresearchisn’tbeingpursued.Chancesarefarmerswillcontinuetogrowtheirpollutingorganicporktheirallergenicorganicsoyandtheirneurotoxin-sprayedorganicapples.Worsestilltheywillmakesurethatnooneelsegetsachoiceinthematterofimprovingtheconditionsoflifeonearth—unlessthatisothersriseupanddemandanalternative. [A]TwoCanadianscientistshavecreatedapigwhosemanuredoesn’tcontainverymuchphosphorusatall.Ifthisvarietyofpigwereadoptedwidelyitcouldgreatlyreduceamajorsourceofpollution.ButtheEnviropigastheycallitistheproductofgeneticmodification—whichisanathematomanyWesterners. [B]Infactalthoughallcommonlyusedpesticidesdissipatesoquicklythattheyposeaminisculehealthrisktoconsumersallergicfoodreactionstonaturalproductskillhundredsofchildreneachyear.Geneticallymodifiedfoodscouldgreatlyreducethisrisk. [C]CanadianbiologistsCecilForsbergandJohnPhillipsforinstancehaveconstructedanovelDNAmoleculethatwhenplantedinapigembryoimbuestheEnviropigwiththeabilitytosecreteaphosphorusextractingenzymeinitssaliva.Theresultssofararedramatic—thenewpigscanextractallthephosphorustheyneedfromgrainalonewithoutthephosphorussupplementsthatfarmersnowuse.Thisreducesthephosphoruscontentoftheirmanurebyupto75percent. [D]Doingawaywiththepigisnotanoption. [E]Pigscanalsobemodifiedtodigestgrassesandhayascowsandsheepdoreducingtheenergy-intensiveuseofcornaspigfeed.Elsewheretreesgrownforpapercouldbemadeamenabletomuchmoreefficientprocessingofthepublichavebeenledtobelievethatallgeneticmodificationscreatehealthrisks. 44
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 2
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes.Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime.Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary.Accordingtothetextthedistortionoftheimageofthebusinessmenistheresultof
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial.Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier.Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease.Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn.Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld.Chickensandpigsarecitedasexamplestoshowthat
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Manyrecyclingfirmsaredisappointednowforthereasonthat
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Describethedrawingandinterpretitsmeaning 2.Andgiveyourcomments.
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingiscorrect
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 12
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