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政府发行公债的时间、规模、种类、期限应根据政府财政资金状况和经济社会发展的需要来确定。这表明政府债务具有______的特征。
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[交通银行]政府发行公债的时间规模种类期限应根据政府财政资金状况和经济社会发展的需要来确定这表明政府
强制性
自愿性
固定性
灵活性
政府发行公债的时间规模种类期限应根据政府财政资金状况和经济社会发展的需要来确定这表明政府债务具有的特
强带性
自愿性
固定性
灵活性
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AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. Whatdoesthewordassaultintheeighthlineofthelastparagraphmean
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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Morethanacenturyagotherelationshipbetweenglacialiceandtheamountofwaterintheoceanbasinswasfirstseen.Whenthegreaticesheetcoveredvastlandareasthesealevelwasloweredbecausethenormalreturnofwaterfromlandtotheoceanwasreduced.AsaresultthesealevelroseasIceAgeglaciersmeltedallowingthemeltedwaterstoflowintotheocean.Ifalltheglacialiceonthesurfaceoftheearthtodayshouldmeltthesealevelmightrisebymorethan150feet.Shorelinevariationsarealsoproducedthroughelevationordepressionoftheland.Duringtimesofglacierformationsthegreatweightoftheiceslowlydepressedtheearth’scrust.Removaloftheweightthroughglaciermeltingallowedtheslowreturnofthecrusttoitsformerposition.ChangesintheGreatIceclimatesfromcoolandwettowarmanddryproducedclimatechangesfarfromtheglaciatedarea.Forexampleattimesofcool-wetglacialclimateslevelsofinlandlakesroseincontrasttothedepressionofsealevel.Duringthewarm-dryinterglacialclimateslakelevelswerelowered.TheancientlakeBonnevillelargestoftheglaciallakesinWesternUnitedStatesoncecoveredmorethan20000squaremiles.Ithadamaximumdepthofmorethan1000feet.GreatSaltLakeinUtahistheshrunkenremnantofthisoncelargelake. AlthoughthefirsttimethatearlymanwalkedontheearthisuncertainheislargelyaproductoftheGreatIceAge.Presentinformationshowsthatduringthistimeheevolvedrapidlybothphysicallyandculturally.HismostprimitivetoolsandskeletalremainshavebeenfoundinsomeoftheoldestdepositscontemporarywiththeGreatIceAgeinAfricaAsiaandEurope.Theseareoftenassociatedwithremainsofextinctanimals.WiththedisappearanceofthegreaticesheetstheBronzeandIronAgeculturesevolved.Aboutthistimemanyanimalssuitedtocoolerclimatesdied. AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge. Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedaboutearlymanbasedontheinformationprovidedinthepassage
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheinfluenzaBvirus
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Whatdoesthewordsenile’inthefirstlineofthelastparagraphmean
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Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness.______
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
Formostofusworkisthecentraldominatingfactoflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatworkpreparingforworktravellingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportanttheindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacornerthatbecausemostworkisprettyintolerablethepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredomfrustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovideandtheconditionsinwhichworkisdonewillcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativityimaginationorinitiative.Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallifemanyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthefrustrationscreatedbyinequalityatworkunlesswetackleitheadon.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.Questions:Theauthorbelievesthatandtheconditionsinwhichworkisdone______willcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Whatwasthecausetothepopulationgrowthaccordingtothepassage
Accordingtotheweathertomorrowwillbeovercastanddull
Normallyintropicalregionswherethesunisverystrongtheoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.______
Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.______
Thisinformationdoesn'tshedanylighttheproblem
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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