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Text 4 In a paper just published in Science, Peter Gordon of Columbia University uses his study...
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根据世界各国城市化的经验城市化水平与经济发展水平之间有密切的关系如以人均GDP代表国家经济发展水平单
人均GDP=500;PU=35%
人均GDP=1000;PU=60%
人均GDP=3000;PU=70%
人均GDP=5000;PU=55%
人均GDP=10000;PU=70%
以下关于城镇化率的计算公式正确的是
PU=UP
PU=U/P
PU=P/U
PU=(U+P)/(U-P)
PSS输出噪声应小于
±0.001pu
±0.002pu
±0.003pu
±0.005pu
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U具有完全相同的化学性质
Pu与
Pu具有相同的最外层电子数
PU的口是和球机控制线相连的电脑用超级终端和PU连接时是和PU的口相连的
Justhavealookatyourpaper.It'sfullof傻的mistakes.
以下关于城镇化率的计算公式正确的是
PU=U/P
PU=P/U
PU=UP
PU=(U+P)/(U-P)
对特性阻抗为75Ω的高频电缆来说功率电平Pm与电压电平Pu的关系
Pu=Pm-9dB
Pu=Pm+9dB
Pu=Pm+8.686dB
Pu=Pm-8.686dB
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U具有相同的化学性质
Pu与
Pu具有相同的最外层电子数
一种核酸外切酶与pApGpUpCpApG-pU一起保温其水解产物中不含有
PA+pC+pUpCpApGpU
PApG+pUpC+pApGpU
2pA+2pG+2pU+pC
PApGpUpCpA+pG+pU
PApGpUpCpApG+pU
Isweepthefloorjustnow.Butyoumakepaperchipseverywhe
放射性元素钚Pu有20种放射性同位素下列关于Pu和Pu的说法正确的是
Pu和
Pu都含有94个中子
Pu和
Pu互为同位素
Pu和
Pu的核外电子数不同
Pu和
Pu分别含有146和147个质子
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料.下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U.互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U.化学性质完全相同
Pu与
Pu最外层电子数相同
在交流电路中三相负载消耗的总功率与各相负载消耗的功率之问的关系是.
1/ P- 1/ Pu+1/ Pv4+1/ Pw
P=Pu+Pv+Pw
P=Pu·Pv·Pw
P=(Pu+Pv+Pw)/√3
2015年4月于敏获颁影响世界华人终身成就奖钚-239是于敏型氢弹的重要原料下列说法正确的是
239
Pu原子的原子核中含有239个质子
239
Pu 衰变成
235
U.属于化学变化
238
Pu、
239
Pu和
241
Pu居于不同的核素
238
Pu 与
238
U.在元素周期表中的位置相同
运输工具名称栏应填
PU HARMONY
473W
PU HARMONY V 473W
PUSAN/473W
在110kV及220kV系统中开断空载架空线路的过电压不超过开断电缆线路可能超过30pu.
20pu.
25pu.
30pu.
35pu.
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U具有完全相同的化学性质
Pu与
Pu具有相同的最外层电子
运输工具名称栏应填
PU HARMONY
473W
PU HARMONY V 473W
PUSAN/473W
2016年9月小军顺利升入初中为学习需要准备购买若干个创意PU笔记本甲乙两家文具店都有足够数量的创
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Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Theinventionofirrigationismeaningfulbecauseitcouldhelpto
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
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Text4 Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.All’intellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learntilehardway"thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Ethicswasgenerallyconsideredtobe
Text2 Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:"Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithit"saysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR. OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions. Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeof"whatif"concentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults."Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting."Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay. Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate."Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.Thelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefuture"Mechlsays. Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresults"telluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealistic"andthatfortheimmediatefuture"preventionisnotonthetable"saysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate."There’saculturalbiasinfavorofprevention"hesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds."Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally." Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.Thethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclay.Siltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoistture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.ManyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldIH-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage--nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 42
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text3 TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequent/lightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists. EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunable{odothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists. Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessas"reallyconfused"and"notcomprehensiveandnotcentralized."Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaxedisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially. "TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTom.Burkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairline"saysalawyer."It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmay.forevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist."Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsaxefrequentlyupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists. Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough."We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemoved"saysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation. TheairlinesmaybesatisfiediftheTSAcan
Text4 Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.All’intellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learntilehardway"thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. InLine6Para.3theauthorusetheexpressionoflearnthehardwaytomeanthat
Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.Thethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclay.Siltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoistture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.ManyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldIH-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage--nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 44
Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47.Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanything’wecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. 50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.
Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47.Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanything’wecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. 46IfyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersayingOurcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount.
Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47.Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanything’wecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. 48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanything’wecandoandmorebesides.
Text4 Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.All’intellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learntilehardway"thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Inwhatwayisethicscomparabletolanguageusage
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Whichoffollowingtendstowarmtheclimate
Text1 Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheir"work-lifebalance"andcapitalisingonwhatindustrycalls"remoteworking".ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifebalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGov-eminentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme. OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime."PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibility"saysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups."HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.’OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome. TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive. "PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworld"saysVevers."Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.’"Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility." ITdirectorsfeelcomfortablebecause
Text3 Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.Howeveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalirnl0ortance.Forexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichthe.objectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstance.thescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostriel&havealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmarryoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Somepeoplelookdownonappliedresearchbecausetheythinkthat
Text2 Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:"Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithit"saysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR. OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions. Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeof"whatif"concentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults."Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting."Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay. Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate."Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.Thelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefuture"Mechlsays. Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresults"telluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealistic"andthatfortheimmediatefuture"preventionisnotonthetable"saysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate."There’saculturalbiasinfavorofprevention"hesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds."Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally." ByatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpectLines7~8Paragraph3theresearcherstrytotellusthat
Text3 TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequent/lightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists. EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunable{odothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists. Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessas"reallyconfused"and"notcomprehensiveandnotcentralized."Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaxedisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially. "TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTom.Burkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairline"saysalawyer."It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmay.forevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist."Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsaxefrequentlyupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists. Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough."We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemoved"saysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation. IntheeyesoftheTSAthecurrentsystemis
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Thepassageismainlyabout
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:"Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithit"saysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR. OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions. Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeof"whatif"concentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults."Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting."Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay. Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate."Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.Thelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefuture"Mechlsays. Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresults"telluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealistic"andthatfortheimmediatefuture"preventionisnotonthetable"saysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate."There’saculturalbiasinfavorofprevention"hesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds."Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally." Globalwarmingissomething
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text1 Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheir"work-lifebalance"andcapitalisingonwhatindustrycalls"remoteworking".ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifebalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGov-eminentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme. OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime."PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibility"saysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups."HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.’OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome. TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive. "PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworld"saysVevers."Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.’"Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility." ThephrasecapitalisingonLine2Para.1canbesubstitutedby
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakbtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20Ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
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