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结合所学知识和原理分析材料并回答问题。 运用所学知识分析下列命题：
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IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis
1Describethechangesasshowninthetable2Analyzepossiblereasonsforthechange3MakepredictionsonthefuturetendencyStatisticsinPeople’sDailyexpensesinShanghai YearItem 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Food 66% 61% 48% 41% 36% Clothing 9% 10% 12% 15% 18% Recreation 4% 5% 8% 9% 11% Others 21% 24% 32% 35% 35% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudiauthorityliesin
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. AccordingtotheauthortheSaudieducationsystemischaracterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Itcaninferredfromthetextthat
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate
AfterSeptember11longdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseof
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Thispassageismainly
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ThewritementionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithothersPara.3todemonstrate
ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Accordingthetheoryofkinselectionhumanstendtoactaltruistically
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