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提倡实施“全人生指导”的教育家是( )。
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我国的幼儿园教育家先生提倡在幼儿园实施单元教学
陈鹤琴
张雪门
张宗麟
戴自俺
杨贤江在青年教育中提出了什么观点
全面发展
全人生指导
生活教育
职业教育
提倡发现法学习的是苏联教育家赞可夫
提倡以儿童为中心将做中学作为主要教学方法的教育家是______
推行平民教育提倡为人民大众服务的教育家是________
胡适
陶行知
朱光潜
邓稼先
提倡自然教育的教育家是
洛克
卢梭
夸美纽斯
柏拉图
作为一个著名的教育家孔子主张把教育作为推行政策的重要手段
要求
规定
提倡
主要
杨贤江在青年教育中提出了______观点
全面发展
全人生指导
生活教育
职业教育
提倡教育即生长教育即生活教育即经验的改造的教育家是
卢梭
杜威
陶行知
福禄贝尔
我国的幼儿园教育家先生提倡在幼儿园实施单元 教学
陈鹤琴
张雪门
张宗麟
戴自俺
提倡教育要适合孩子的敏感期的教育家是
蒙台梭利
卢梭
福禄贝尔
杜威
在我国现代教育史最早提倡创造教育的教育家是
1939年首位以马克思主义为指导主编了教育学的教育家是______
我国伟大教育家陶行知先生所提倡的教育是指
杨贤江在对待青年教育问题上倡导
无条件关心
全人生指导
职业指导
生活指导
提倡德治和礼治的我国古代教育家是
孔子
墨子
荀子
朱熹
提倡教育独立说的教育家是
陶行知
胡适
严复
蔡元培
最早提倡终身教育的学者是法国教育家
布鲁纳
全纳
朗格朗
赞科夫
论述杨贤江全人生指导与青年教育
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GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.WhyareSakhalin’soffshoreoilandgasprojectsregardedasrisksforthewesterngreywhale
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text1 Everylivingthinghasaninner biologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetime;evenwhen therearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclock tellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittells insectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimals whentoeatsleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperaturethereleaseofsome hormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadian rhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.But thefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729. InthatyearaFrenchastronomerJeanJacquesd’OrtousdeMairannotedthat oneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorningandclosed thematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitina darkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedabout circadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactually keepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hourson aman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor EliotWeitzmanestablishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclock works.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.They arefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopes hisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsand sleepdisorderscausedbyageingandmentalillness.The laboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwoliving areaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecoveredsonosunlightor moonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisa controlroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputersone-waycameras andotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.A doctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursaday duringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenot permittedtowearwatchessothepersonintheexperimenthasnoideawhattime itis.InthefirstfouryearsofresearchDr.Weitzmanandhis assistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremained inthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonthasciencereporterfor TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperDavaSobelbecamethefirstwomantotakepart intheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25 days.MissSobelwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattimewhichwere publishedinthenewspaper.Wecanconcludefromthefirstparagraphthat
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text1 Everylivingthinghasaninner biologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetime;evenwhen therearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclock tellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittells insectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimals whentoeatsleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperaturethereleaseofsome hormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadian rhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.But thefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729. InthatyearaFrenchastronomerJeanJacquesd’OrtousdeMairannotedthat oneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorningandclosed thematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitina darkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedabout circadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactually keepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hourson aman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor EliotWeitzmanestablishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclock works.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.They arefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopes hisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsand sleepdisorderscausedbyageingandmentalillness.The laboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwoliving areaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecoveredsonosunlightor moonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisa controlroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputersone-waycameras andotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.A doctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursaday duringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenot permittedtowearwatchessothepersonintheexperimenthasnoideawhattime itis.InthefirstfouryearsofresearchDr.Weitzmanandhis assistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremained inthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonthasciencereporterfor TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperDavaSobelbecamethefirstwomantotakepart intheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25 days.MissSobelwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattimewhichwere publishedinthenewspaper.ThesentenceTheyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Line2-3Para.4probablymeans
Text2 Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsof fossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts. Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachments arevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorrough patchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesofthe animalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethose attachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments. Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhich itwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofan extinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpin inferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrun whatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryof life.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhatthey lookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Things likefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardparts areexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactually preservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonis internalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthat theyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursof thebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbut surfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookare seldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelps tointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeits livingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.For exampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolook somewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheir closestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmany extincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextinctthey wouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairand mammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairless ifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthis onlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpictures ofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens. Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.ThewordequivocalLine6Para.3isclosestinmeaningto
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Anappropriatetitleforthepassageismostlikelytobe
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.SakhalinEnergysupportsthepanel’swork
Text1 Everylivingthinghasaninner biologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetime;evenwhen therearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclock tellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittells insectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimals whentoeatsleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperaturethereleaseofsome hormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadian rhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.But thefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729. InthatyearaFrenchastronomerJeanJacquesd’OrtousdeMairannotedthat oneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorningandclosed thematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitina darkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedabout circadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactually keepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hourson aman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor EliotWeitzmanestablishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclock works.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.They arefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopes hisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsand sleepdisorderscausedbyageingandmentalillness.The laboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwoliving areaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecoveredsonosunlightor moonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisa controlroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputersone-waycameras andotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.A doctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursaday duringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenot permittedtowearwatchessothepersonintheexperimenthasnoideawhattime itis.InthefirstfouryearsofresearchDr.Weitzmanandhis assistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremained inthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonthasciencereporterfor TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperDavaSobelbecamethefirstwomantotakepart intheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25 days.MissSobelwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattimewhichwere publishedinthenewspaper.Thefirstwomanwhotookpartintheexperiment
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthorhumantraveltoMars
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Bush’scitingoftheachievementsofspaceexplorationismentioned
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text2 Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsof fossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts. Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachments arevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorrough patchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesofthe animalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethose attachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments. Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhich itwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofan extinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpin inferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrun whatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryof life.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhatthey lookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Things likefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardparts areexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactually preservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonis internalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthat theyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursof thebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbut surfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookare seldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelps tointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeits livingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.For exampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolook somewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheir closestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmany extincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextinctthey wouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairand mammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairless ifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthis onlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpictures ofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens. Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Themusclesofafossilizedanimalcansometimesbereconstructedbecause
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
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