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Malthusian fears that population growth will outstrip food supplies have been widely discounted a...
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Shetoldhimofallher_____and_____.
hope; fear
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What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 8
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 10
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 6
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 18
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview.SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting:41.Yourresumeismeaningless.Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone.42.Don’tgetlostinHR.Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible.43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview.Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors.Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou.AcompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejobCorcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork.44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork.Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario.45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany.Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess.OnceyougetthatofferYouhavethepowersaysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany.[A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer.[B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall.[C]MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaperCorcodilossays.Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager.[D]AttheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithitCorcodilossays.Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany.[E]Theguy’sjawwasonthefloorCorcodilossays.HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours.[F]AresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganizationCorcodilossays.That’snowaytosellyourself.[G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ Bysellingoffstate-ownedenterprisesthegovernmentwillbeabletodothefollowingEXCEPT
Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandofcardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythegameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongandhealthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterriblediseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsaredealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeopleneverknewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefutureonlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsorgrandparents. Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofinddangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretestedpositiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelseexceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethefirstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortestresults. SofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestforafatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsforsevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’sgeneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseofgeneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthetestsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswerisclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcostlifeinsurersdearly. Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgeneticanswerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskofdeathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththeriskofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticorenvironmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredictwhetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyearsresearcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenesandwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwiththem. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview.SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting:41.Yourresumeismeaningless.Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone.42.Don’tgetlostinHR.Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible.43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview.Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors.Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou.AcompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejobCorcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork.44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork.Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario.45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany.Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess.OnceyougetthatofferYouhavethepowersaysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany.[A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer.[B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall.[C]MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaperCorcodilossays.Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager.[D]AttheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithitCorcodilossays.Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany.[E]Theguy’sjawwasonthefloorCorcodilossays.HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours.[F]AresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganizationCorcodilossays.That’snowaytosellyourself.[G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./ ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheboardoftheGoldenGateBridgewill
Themostdamningthingthatcanbesaidabouttheworld’sbest-endowedandrichestcountryisthatitisnotonlynottheleaderinhealthstatusbutthatitissolowintheranksofthenations.TheUnitedStatesranks18thamongnationsoftheworldinmalelifeexpectancyatbirth9thinfemalelifeexpectancyatbirthand12thininfantmortality.MoreimportantlyhugevariationsareevidentinhealthstatusintheUnitedStatesfromoneplacetothenextandfromonegrouptothenext. Theforcesthataffecthealthcanbedividedintofourgroupingsthatlendthemselvestoanalysisofallhealthproblems.Clearlythelargestgroupofforcesresidesintheperson’senvironment.Behaviorinpartderivedfromexperienceswiththeenvironmentisthenextgreatestforceaffectinghealth.Medicalcareservicestreatedasseparatefromotherenvironmentalfactorsbecauseofthespecialinterestwehaveinthemmakeamodestcontributiontohealthstatus.Finallythecontributionsofhereditytohealtharedifficulttojudge. Noothercountryspendswhatwedopercapitaformedicalcare.Thecareavailableisamongthebesttechnicallyevenifusedtoofreelyandthusdangerously.Giventheevidencethatmedicalcareisnotthatvaluableandaccesstocarenotthatbaditseemsmostunlikelythatourbadshowingiscausedbythesignificantproportionwhoarepoorlyserved.Otherhypotheseshavegreaterexplanatorypower:excessivepovertybothactualandrelativeandexcessivewealth. ExcessivepovertyisprobablymoreprevalentintheU.S.thaninanyofthecountriesthathaveabetterinfantmortalityrateandfemalelifeexpectancyatbirth.Thisisprobablytruealsoforallbutfourorfiveofthecountrieswithalongermalelifeexpectancy.Inthenotablypoorcountriesthatexceedusinmalesurvivaldifficultlivingconditionsareamoreacceptedwayoflifeandinseveralofthemagoodbasicdietbasicmedicalcareandbasiceducationandlifelongemploymentopportunitiesareaneverydayfactoflife.IntheU.S.anationalunemploymentlevelof10percentmaybe40percentintheghettowhilelessthan4percentelsewhere.Thecountriesthathavesurpassedusinhealthdonothavesuchsevereproblems.Noraresuchahighproportionoftheirpeopleinvolvedinthem. Excessivewealthisnotsoobviousacauseofillhealthbutatleast:untilrecentlyfewothernationscouldaffordsuchunhealthfulwaysofliving.Excessiveintakeofanimalproteinandfatsanduseoftobaccoanddrugsanddangerousrecreationalsportsanddrivinghabitsareallpossibleonlywhenoneiswealthy.Ourheritagedesiresandopportunitiescombinedwiththerelativelylowcostofbadfoodsandspeedyvehiclesmakeusparticularlyvulnerable.Ourunacceptablehealthstatusthenwillnotbeimprovedappreciablybyexpandedmedicalresourcesnorbytheirredistributionsomuchasbyageneralattempttoimprovethequalityoflifeforall. Thepassagewouldprobablybefollowedby
Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandofcardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythegameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongandhealthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterriblediseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsaredealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeopleneverknewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefutureonlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsorgrandparents. Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofinddangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretestedpositiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelseexceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethefirstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortestresults. SofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestforafatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsforsevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’sgeneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseofgeneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthetestsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswerisclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcostlifeinsurersdearly. Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgeneticanswerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskofdeathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththeriskofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticorenvironmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredictwhetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyearsresearcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenesandwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwiththem. Thefunctionofgenetictestingis
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 16
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial. Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier. Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease. Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn. Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld. Chickensandpigsarecitedasexamplestoshowthat
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial. Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier. Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease. Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn. Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld. Inthethirdparagraphtheauthorimpliesthat
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 2
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 12
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 4
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 14
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Thewordwhistleblowerparagraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./ KevinHineschoosetocommitsuicideatsuchanearlyageinthat
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ Manycompaniesgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsto
Themostdamningthingthatcanbesaidabouttheworld’sbest-endowedandrichestcountryisthatitisnotonlynottheleaderinhealthstatusbutthatitissolowintheranksofthenations.TheUnitedStatesranks18thamongnationsoftheworldinmalelifeexpectancyatbirth9thinfemalelifeexpectancyatbirthand12thininfantmortality.MoreimportantlyhugevariationsareevidentinhealthstatusintheUnitedStatesfromoneplacetothenextandfromonegrouptothenext. Theforcesthataffecthealthcanbedividedintofourgroupingsthatlendthemselvestoanalysisofallhealthproblems.Clearlythelargestgroupofforcesresidesintheperson’senvironment.Behaviorinpartderivedfromexperienceswiththeenvironmentisthenextgreatestforceaffectinghealth.Medicalcareservicestreatedasseparatefromotherenvironmentalfactorsbecauseofthespecialinterestwehaveinthemmakeamodestcontributiontohealthstatus.Finallythecontributionsofhereditytohealtharedifficulttojudge. Noothercountryspendswhatwedopercapitaformedicalcare.Thecareavailableisamongthebesttechnicallyevenifusedtoofreelyandthusdangerously.Giventheevidencethatmedicalcareisnotthatvaluableandaccesstocarenotthatbaditseemsmostunlikelythatourbadshowingiscausedbythesignificantproportionwhoarepoorlyserved.Otherhypotheseshavegreaterexplanatorypower:excessivepovertybothactualandrelativeandexcessivewealth. ExcessivepovertyisprobablymoreprevalentintheU.S.thaninanyofthecountriesthathaveabetterinfantmortalityrateandfemalelifeexpectancyatbirth.Thisisprobablytruealsoforallbutfourorfiveofthecountrieswithalongermalelifeexpectancy.Inthenotablypoorcountriesthatexceedusinmalesurvivaldifficultlivingconditionsareamoreacceptedwayoflifeandinseveralofthemagoodbasicdietbasicmedicalcareandbasiceducationandlifelongemploymentopportunitiesareaneverydayfactoflife.IntheU.S.anationalunemploymentlevelof10percentmaybe40percentintheghettowhilelessthan4percentelsewhere.Thecountriesthathavesurpassedusinhealthdonothavesuchsevereproblems.Noraresuchahighproportionoftheirpeopleinvolvedinthem. Excessivewealthisnotsoobviousacauseofillhealthbutatleast:untilrecentlyfewothernationscouldaffordsuchunhealthfulwaysofliving.Excessiveintakeofanimalproteinandfatsanduseoftobaccoanddrugsanddangerousrecreationalsportsanddrivinghabitsareallpossibleonlywhenoneiswealthy.Ourheritagedesiresandopportunitiescombinedwiththerelativelylowcostofbadfoodsandspeedyvehiclesmakeusparticularlyvulnerable.Ourunacceptablehealthstatusthenwillnotbeimprovedappreciablybyexpandedmedicalresourcesnorbytheirredistributionsomuchasbyageneralattempttoimprovethequalityoflifeforall. Theauthorreferstotheexcessiveintakeofalcohol~tobaccoanddruginordertoillustratethat
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./ Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefoundationofbarriersoverthebridge
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 20
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