首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
含稀有碱基最多的RNA是（）
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《相同项单选》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
含有稀有碱基最多的RNA是
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
hn RNA
sn RNA
含稀有碱基最多的RNA是
rRNA
mRNA
tRSIA
hnRNA
snRNA
含稀有碱基最多的核酸分子是
hnRNA
DNA
RNA.
TRNA
MRNA
含有稀有碱基最多的RNA是
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
hnRNA
snRNA
含有稀有碱基最多的RNA是
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
hnRNA
在三种RNA中含量最多含有的稀有碱基最多半寿期最短
含稀有碱基最多的RNA是
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
hnRNA
snRNA(97,98/2003)
含稀有碱基最多的RNA是
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
hnRNA
snRNA
热门试题
更多
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’srainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31millionhectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexamplethat137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthehabitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit. MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociationCanadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.IfthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource Theauthorseemstoimplyinthepassagethat
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41__________ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42__________ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43__________ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44__________ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted—whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45__________ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanageiffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 41
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersinafieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensofthousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct.Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedicaljournalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysicianstogettheirproductmessageacross. Nowahugecollectionofdrugcompanyinternaldocuments—revealedaspartofalaw-suit-offersawealthofdetail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompanyParke-DavisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesallegingthatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled"off-label"uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcanprescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompanyfrompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythenadivisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminalandcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizeracquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedtothesuitunderseal.AjudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartoftheDrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactionstheyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.Andaccordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthesecompanymemosareroutine. Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctorsas"thoughtleaders"—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternofotherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethenshoweredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and1997. "Medicaleducationdrivesthismarket"wrotetheauthorofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.ManystatelicensingboardsrequirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedicaleducationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield. AtonetimemedicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.NowanindustryofmedicaleducationandcommunicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.ThesecompanieswithinnocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimesinconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurantsandresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynotingitwasfinancedbyan"unrestrictededucationalgrant"fromthecompany. UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallssothatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthecallsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayina"listenonly"modebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheirexpectations. Clearlymanyofthephysiciansintheseschemesarenotinnocentbystanders.WhetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecallstocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell.Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan"educationalsession." Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenotinfluencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththemethodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelievetheyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41__________ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42__________ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43__________ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44__________ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted—whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45__________ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanageiffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 43
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ForyearsInternetmerchantshavepouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasiertouse.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappier Customersatisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostfiatthroughthelastseveralyears.TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingandresearchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignoredthemanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.RatherbesaidtheystillexpectmorefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered. "Ifwewalkintoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasacoupleyearsago"Mr.Freedsaid."Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebargoesupeveryyear."InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfivee-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescoredhigherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescoredhigherthan80withnositesurpassing85."Scoreshaveinchedupovertimeforthebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoveddrastically"Mr.Freedsaid."Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanythingyouseeyourscoresdropsteadily." Thatdynamichasbeenachallengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned.Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitableoperations.NowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswillessentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthesite’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-techtelevisionstudio. QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.TheWebsitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandisein2006hasforthelastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.ButinrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchivesofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmorevideosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremaininstock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideosalesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproductinformationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs. Abouteightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethesizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottelltheheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedandintroducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights.Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsatleast10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot. StillMr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales."E-commercestartedwithtelevisioncommerce"hesaid."Thesiteswhoengageandentertaincustomerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture."Suchaprospectisnotnecessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadofInternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis.saidatransitiontovideo"willbeseamlessforus."ThecompanyMr.Mageesaidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideo"socustomerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulatethemselves." Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersinafieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensofthousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct.Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedicaljournalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysicianstogettheirproductmessageacross. Nowahugecollectionofdrugcompanyinternaldocuments—revealedaspartofalaw-suit-offersawealthofdetail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompanyParke-DavisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesallegingthatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled"off-label"uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcanprescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompanyfrompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythenadivisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminalandcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizeracquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedtothesuitunderseal.AjudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartoftheDrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactionstheyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.Andaccordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthesecompanymemosareroutine. Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctorsas"thoughtleaders"—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternofotherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethenshoweredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and1997. "Medicaleducationdrivesthismarket"wrotetheauthorofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.ManystatelicensingboardsrequirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedicaleducationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield. AtonetimemedicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.NowanindustryofmedicaleducationandcommunicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.ThesecompanieswithinnocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimesinconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurantsandresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynotingitwasfinancedbyan"unrestrictededucationalgrant"fromthecompany. UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallssothatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthecallsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayina"listenonly"modebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheirexpectations. Clearlymanyofthephysiciansintheseschemesarenotinnocentbystanders.WhetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecallstocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell.Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan"educationalsession." Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenotinfluencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththemethodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelievetheyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth. WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutPfizer
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
ForyearsInternetmerchantshavepouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasiertouse.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappier Customersatisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostfiatthroughthelastseveralyears.TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingandresearchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignoredthemanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.RatherbesaidtheystillexpectmorefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered. "Ifwewalkintoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasacoupleyearsago"Mr.Freedsaid."Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebargoesupeveryyear."InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfivee-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescoredhigherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescoredhigherthan80withnositesurpassing85."Scoreshaveinchedupovertimeforthebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoveddrastically"Mr.Freedsaid."Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanythingyouseeyourscoresdropsteadily." Thatdynamichasbeenachallengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned.Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitableoperations.NowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswillessentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthesite’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-techtelevisionstudio. QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.TheWebsitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandisein2006hasforthelastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.ButinrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchivesofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmorevideosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremaininstock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideosalesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproductinformationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs. Abouteightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethesizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottelltheheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedandintroducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights.Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsatleast10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot. StillMr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales."E-commercestartedwithtelevisioncommerce"hesaid."Thesiteswhoengageandentertaincustomerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture."Suchaprospectisnotnecessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadofInternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis.saidatransitiontovideo"willbeseamlessforus."ThecompanyMr.Mageesaidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideo"socustomerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulatethemselves." Mr.Magee’sattitudetowardsusingvideosinE-commerceseemstobe
Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelectioncampaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstradepunches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂WhatisnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficialstatisticsundertheLabourgovernment. OneofthemostimportantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgetonMarch16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrentrevenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancelloroftheexchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisown"goldenrule"ofborrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisinbalanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle. Mr.BrowntoldMPsthathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith￡6billion$11.4billiontospare—arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthaninthepast.HoweverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscuretechnicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticstothefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthattherevisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithinthecurrentbudget. Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenitmightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmadedecisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimstomeetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppublicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagainovertheeconomiccycle.AtpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwouldbereducediftheS21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedaspartofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONStoclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreventhoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowingswereinfactgovernmentliabilities. Thismakesitparticularlyworryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublicexperiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatnopatientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergencydepartment.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmetfor9696ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbytheHealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidtheystayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E. OnewaytohelprestorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONSindependentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.AnotherwouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeenperformingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehasrecommended. GordonBrown’smajorconcernis
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls"garrisongovernment."GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe"garrison"thatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand. AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy. 48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy. Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41__________ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42__________ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43__________ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44__________ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted—whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45__________ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanageiffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 45
Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’srainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31millionhectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexamplethat137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthehabitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit. MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociationCanadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.IfthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelectioncampaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstradepunches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂WhatisnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficialstatisticsundertheLabourgovernment. OneofthemostimportantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgetonMarch16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrentrevenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancelloroftheexchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisown"goldenrule"ofborrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisinbalanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle. Mr.BrowntoldMPsthathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith￡6billion$11.4billiontospare—arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthaninthepast.HoweverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscuretechnicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticstothefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthattherevisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithinthecurrentbudget. Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenitmightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmadedecisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimstomeetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppublicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagainovertheeconomiccycle.AtpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwouldbereducediftheS21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedaspartofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONStoclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreventhoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowingswereinfactgovernmentliabilities. Thismakesitparticularlyworryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublicexperiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatnopatientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergencydepartment.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmetfor9696ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbytheHealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidtheystayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E. OnewaytohelprestorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONSindependentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.AnotherwouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeenperformingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehasrecommended. WhatcanbeinferredabouttheONS
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersinafieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensofthousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct.Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedicaljournalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysicianstogettheirproductmessageacross. Nowahugecollectionofdrugcompanyinternaldocuments—revealedaspartofalaw-suit-offersawealthofdetail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompanyParke-DavisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesallegingthatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled"off-label"uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcanprescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompanyfrompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythenadivisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminalandcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizeracquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedtothesuitunderseal.AjudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartoftheDrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactionstheyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.Andaccordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthesecompanymemosareroutine. Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctorsas"thoughtleaders"—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternofotherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethenshoweredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and1997. "Medicaleducationdrivesthismarket"wrotetheauthorofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.ManystatelicensingboardsrequirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedicaleducationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield. AtonetimemedicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.NowanindustryofmedicaleducationandcommunicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.ThesecompanieswithinnocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimesinconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurantsandresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynotingitwasfinancedbyan"unrestrictededucationalgrant"fromthecompany. UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallssothatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthecallsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayina"listenonly"modebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheirexpectations. Clearlymanyofthephysiciansintheseschemesarenotinnocentbystanders.WhetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecallstocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell.Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan"educationalsession." Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenotinfluencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththemethodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelievetheyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth. Thedrugcompaniesarewillingtopayleadingdoctorsto
ForyearsInternetmerchantshavepouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasiertouse.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappier Customersatisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostfiatthroughthelastseveralyears.TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingandresearchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignoredthemanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.RatherbesaidtheystillexpectmorefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered. "Ifwewalkintoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasacoupleyearsago"Mr.Freedsaid."Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebargoesupeveryyear."InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfivee-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescoredhigherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescoredhigherthan80withnositesurpassing85."Scoreshaveinchedupovertimeforthebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoveddrastically"Mr.Freedsaid."Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanythingyouseeyourscoresdropsteadily." Thatdynamichasbeenachallengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned.Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitableoperations.NowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswillessentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthesite’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-techtelevisionstudio. QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.TheWebsitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandisein2006hasforthelastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.ButinrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchivesofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmorevideosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremaininstock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideosalesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproductinformationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs. Abouteightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethesizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottelltheheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedandintroducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights.Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsatleast10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot. StillMr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales."E-commercestartedwithtelevisioncommerce"hesaid."Thesiteswhoengageandentertaincustomerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture."Suchaprospectisnotnecessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadofInternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis.saidatransitiontovideo"willbeseamlessforus."ThecompanyMr.Mageesaidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideo"socustomerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulatethemselves." LarryFreedattributedlowcustomersatisfactiontothefactthat
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号